mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Benchmark Dataset for Mid-Price Forecasting of Limit Order Book Data with Machine Learning Methods

arXiv 1705.03233 ↗First posted 9 May 2017cs.CE q-fin.TRcited by 49

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Abstract (arXiv)

Managing the prediction of metrics in high-frequency financial markets is a challenging task. An efficient way is by monitoring the dynamics of a limit order book to identify the information edge. This paper describes the first publicly available benchmark dataset of high-frequency limit order markets for mid-price prediction. We extracted normalized data representations of time series data for five stocks from the NASDAQ Nordic stock market for a time period of ten consecutive days, leading to a dataset of ~4,000,000 time series samples in total. A day-based anchored cross-validation experimental protocol is also provided that can be used as a benchmark for comparing the performance of state-of-the-art methodologies. Performance of baseline approaches are also provided to facilitate experimental comparisons. We expect that such a large-scale dataset can serve as a testbed for devising novel solutions of expert systems for high-frequency limit order book data analysis.

Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 May 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 10; 2023: 8; 2024: 5; 2025: 9; 2026: 10.

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  1. 2023Non-adversarial training of Neural SDEs with signature kernel scorescited by 36
  2. 2024MarS: a Financial Market Simulation Engine Powered by Generative Foundation Modelcited by 27
  3. 2021Multi-Horizon Forecasting for Limit Order Books: Novel Deep Learning Approaches and Hardware Acceleration using Intelligent Processing Unitscited by 10
  4. 2025Deep Learning for Time Series Forecasting: A Surveycited by 10
  5. 2023LOB-Based Deep Learning Models for Stock Price Trend Prediction: A Benchmark Studycited by 9
  6. 2021Deep Learning for Market by Order Datacited by 8
  7. 2022Multi-head Temporal Attention-Augmented Bilinear Network for Financial time series predictioncited by 8
  8. 2023Fair yet Asymptotically Equal Collaborative Learningcited by 8
  9. 2024HLOB -- Information Persistence and Structure in Limit Order Bookscited by 8
  10. 2022Optimal Estimation of Generic Dynamics by Path-Dependent Neural Jump ODEscited by 7
  11. 2024Deep Limit Order Book Forecastingcited by 7
  12. 2021How Robust are Limit Order Book Representations under Data Perturbation?cited by 6
37 more
  1. 2022DSLOB: A Synthetic Limit Order Book Dataset for Benchmarking Forecasting Algorithms under Distributional Shiftcited by 6
  2. 2022Bayesian Bilinear Neural Network for Predicting the Mid-price Dynamics in Limit-Order Book Marketscited by 5
  3. 2024Data Distribution Valuationcited by 5
  4. 2025TRADES: Generating Realistic Market Simulations with Diffusion Modelscited by 5
  5. 2022Augmented Bilinear Network for Incremental Multi-Stock Time-Series Classificationcited by 4
  6. 2022Axial-LOB: High-Frequency Trading with Axial Attentioncited by 4
  7. 2025LOB-Bench: Benchmarking Generative AI for Finance -- an Application to Limit Order Book Datacited by 4
  8. 2025TLOB: A Novel Transformer Model with Dual Attention for Price Trend Prediction with Limit Order Book Datacited by 4
  9. 2021Low-Rank Temporal Attention-Augmented Bilinear Network for financial time-series forecastingcited by 2
  10. 2021Bilinear Input Normalization for Neural Networks in Financial Forecastingcited by 2
  11. 2023Optimum Output Long Short-Term Memory Cell for High-Frequency Trading Forecastingcited by 2
  12. 2023Extended Deep Adaptive Input Normalization for Preprocessing Time Series Data for Neural Networkscited by 2
  13. 2025Representation Learning of Limit Order Book: A Comprehensive Study and Benchmarkingcited by 2
  14. 2021The Limit Order Book Recreation Model (LOBRM): An Extended Analysiscited by 1
  15. 2022Manifold Gaussian Variational Bayes on the Precision Matrixcited by 1
  16. 2022Predicting the State of Synchronization of Financial Time Series using Cross Recurrence Plotscited by 1
  17. 2022Novel Modelling Strategies for High-frequency Stock Trading Datacited by 1
  18. 2023Market Making with Deep Reinforcement Learning from Limit Order Bookscited by 1
  19. 2023Leveraging Deep Learning and Online Source Sentiment for Financial Portfolio Managementcited by 1
  20. 2021Visualising Deep Network's Time-Series Representationscited by 0
  21. 2022Accelerating Machine Learning Training Time for Limit Order Book Predictioncited by 0
  22. 2023Non-negative isomorphic neural networks for photonic neuromorphic acceleratorscited by 0
  23. 2024Price predictability in limit order book with deep learning modelcited by 0
  24. 2025Deep Learning Models Meet Financial Data Modalitiescited by 0
  25. 2025Exploring Microstructural Dynamics in Cryptocurrency Limit Order Books: Better Inputs Matter More Than Stacking Another Hidden Layercited by 0
  26. 2025TIP-Search: Time-Predictable Inference Scheduling for Market Prediction under Uncertain Loadcited by 0
  27. 2025FINN-GL: Generalized Mixed-Precision Extensions for FPGA-Accelerated LSTMscited by 0
  28. 2026Temporal Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (T-KAN) for High-Frequency Limit Order Book Forecasting: Efficiency, Interpretability, and Alpha Decaycited by 0
  29. 2026An `Inverse' Experimental Framework to Estimate Market Efficiencycited by 0
  30. 2026Dropout Universality: Scaling Laws and Optimal Scheduling at the Edge-of-Chaoscited by 0
  31. 2026A Unified Multi-Modal Framework for Intelligent Financial Systems: Integrating Reinforcement Learning, High-Frequency Trading, and Game-Theoretic Approaches with Cross-Modal Sentiment Analysiscited by 0
  32. 2026Inference-Time Decision Calibration for Temporal Classificationcited by 0
  33. 2026Martingale Doppelg"anger-Eval: An Identification Framework for Auditing Candlestick Understanding in Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  34. 2026UC-Search: Risk-Aware Test-Time Search for Delayed Constrained Time-Series Controlcited by 0
  35. 2026Volatility-Aware Extreme Event Detection in High-Frequency Financial Marketscited by 0
  36. 2026Optimizing Transformer Neural Network for Real-Time Outlier Detection on FPGAscited by 0
  37. 2026UQ-LOB: Uncertainty-Aware Limit Order Book Mid-Price Forecastingcited by 0