Benchmark Dataset for Mid-Price Forecasting of Limit Order Book Data with Machine Learning Methods
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Managing the prediction of metrics in high-frequency financial markets is a challenging task. An efficient way is by monitoring the dynamics of a limit order book to identify the information edge. This paper describes the first publicly available benchmark dataset of high-frequency limit order markets for mid-price prediction. We extracted normalized data representations of time series data for five stocks from the NASDAQ Nordic stock market for a time period of ten consecutive days, leading to a dataset of ~4,000,000 time series samples in total. A day-based anchored cross-validation experimental protocol is also provided that can be used as a benchmark for comparing the performance of state-of-the-art methodologies. Performance of baseline approaches are also provided to facilitate experimental comparisons. We expect that such a large-scale dataset can serve as a testbed for devising novel solutions of expert systems for high-frequency limit order book data analysis.
Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 May 2017.
Builds on
No reference list yet.
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 10; 2023: 8; 2024: 5; 2025: 9; 2026: 10.
49 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023Non-adversarial training of Neural SDEs with signature kernel scorescited by 36
- 2024MarS: a Financial Market Simulation Engine Powered by Generative Foundation Modelcited by 27
- 2021Multi-Horizon Forecasting for Limit Order Books: Novel Deep Learning Approaches and Hardware Acceleration using Intelligent Processing Unitscited by 10
- 2025Deep Learning for Time Series Forecasting: A Surveycited by 10
- 2023LOB-Based Deep Learning Models for Stock Price Trend Prediction: A Benchmark Studycited by 9
- 2021Deep Learning for Market by Order Datacited by 8
- 2022Multi-head Temporal Attention-Augmented Bilinear Network for Financial time series predictioncited by 8
- 2023Fair yet Asymptotically Equal Collaborative Learningcited by 8
- 2024HLOB -- Information Persistence and Structure in Limit Order Bookscited by 8
- 2022Optimal Estimation of Generic Dynamics by Path-Dependent Neural Jump ODEscited by 7
- 2024Deep Limit Order Book Forecastingcited by 7
- 2021How Robust are Limit Order Book Representations under Data Perturbation?cited by 6
37 more
- 2022DSLOB: A Synthetic Limit Order Book Dataset for Benchmarking Forecasting Algorithms under Distributional Shiftcited by 6
- 2022Bayesian Bilinear Neural Network for Predicting the Mid-price Dynamics in Limit-Order Book Marketscited by 5
- 2024Data Distribution Valuationcited by 5
- 2025TRADES: Generating Realistic Market Simulations with Diffusion Modelscited by 5
- 2022Augmented Bilinear Network for Incremental Multi-Stock Time-Series Classificationcited by 4
- 2022Axial-LOB: High-Frequency Trading with Axial Attentioncited by 4
- 2025LOB-Bench: Benchmarking Generative AI for Finance -- an Application to Limit Order Book Datacited by 4
- 2025TLOB: A Novel Transformer Model with Dual Attention for Price Trend Prediction with Limit Order Book Datacited by 4
- 2021Low-Rank Temporal Attention-Augmented Bilinear Network for financial time-series forecastingcited by 2
- 2021Bilinear Input Normalization for Neural Networks in Financial Forecastingcited by 2
- 2023Optimum Output Long Short-Term Memory Cell for High-Frequency Trading Forecastingcited by 2
- 2023Extended Deep Adaptive Input Normalization for Preprocessing Time Series Data for Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2025Representation Learning of Limit Order Book: A Comprehensive Study and Benchmarkingcited by 2
- 2021The Limit Order Book Recreation Model (LOBRM): An Extended Analysiscited by 1
- 2022Manifold Gaussian Variational Bayes on the Precision Matrixcited by 1
- 2022Predicting the State of Synchronization of Financial Time Series using Cross Recurrence Plotscited by 1
- 2022Novel Modelling Strategies for High-frequency Stock Trading Datacited by 1
- 2023Market Making with Deep Reinforcement Learning from Limit Order Bookscited by 1
- 2023Leveraging Deep Learning and Online Source Sentiment for Financial Portfolio Managementcited by 1
- 2021Visualising Deep Network's Time-Series Representationscited by 0
- 2022Accelerating Machine Learning Training Time for Limit Order Book Predictioncited by 0
- 2023Non-negative isomorphic neural networks for photonic neuromorphic acceleratorscited by 0
- 2024Price predictability in limit order book with deep learning modelcited by 0
- 2025Deep Learning Models Meet Financial Data Modalitiescited by 0
- 2025Exploring Microstructural Dynamics in Cryptocurrency Limit Order Books: Better Inputs Matter More Than Stacking Another Hidden Layercited by 0
- 2025TIP-Search: Time-Predictable Inference Scheduling for Market Prediction under Uncertain Loadcited by 0
- 2025FINN-GL: Generalized Mixed-Precision Extensions for FPGA-Accelerated LSTMscited by 0
- 2026Temporal Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (T-KAN) for High-Frequency Limit Order Book Forecasting: Efficiency, Interpretability, and Alpha Decaycited by 0
- 2026An `Inverse' Experimental Framework to Estimate Market Efficiencycited by 0
- 2026Dropout Universality: Scaling Laws and Optimal Scheduling at the Edge-of-Chaoscited by 0
- 2026A Unified Multi-Modal Framework for Intelligent Financial Systems: Integrating Reinforcement Learning, High-Frequency Trading, and Game-Theoretic Approaches with Cross-Modal Sentiment Analysiscited by 0
- 2026Inference-Time Decision Calibration for Temporal Classificationcited by 0
- 2026Martingale Doppelg"anger-Eval: An Identification Framework for Auditing Candlestick Understanding in Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026UC-Search: Risk-Aware Test-Time Search for Delayed Constrained Time-Series Controlcited by 0
- 2026Volatility-Aware Extreme Event Detection in High-Frequency Financial Marketscited by 0
- 2026Optimizing Transformer Neural Network for Real-Time Outlier Detection on FPGAscited by 0
- 2026UQ-LOB: Uncertainty-Aware Limit Order Book Mid-Price Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026UQ-LOB: Uncertainty-Aware Limit Order Book Mid-Price Forecasting25 Sep 2026
- 2026Optimizing Transformer Neural Network for Real-Time Outlier Detection on FPGAs24 Jul 2026
- 2026Volatility-Aware Extreme Event Detection in High-Frequency Financial Markets20 Jul 2026
- 2026UC-Search: Risk-Aware Test-Time Search for Delayed Constrained Time-Series Control24 Jun 2026
- 2026Martingale Doppelg"anger-Eval: An Identification Framework for Auditing Candlestick Understanding in Vision-Language Models16 Jun 2026
- 2026Inference-Time Decision Calibration for Temporal Classification14 Jun 2026
- 2026A Unified Multi-Modal Framework for Intelligent Financial Systems: Integrating Reinforcement Learning, High-Frequency Trading, and Game-Theoretic Approaches with Cross-Modal Sentiment Analysis9 Jun 2026
- 2026Dropout Universality: Scaling Laws and Optimal Scheduling at the Edge-of-Chaos20 May 2026
- 2026An `Inverse' Experimental Framework to Estimate Market Efficiency20 Apr 2026
- 2026Temporal Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (T-KAN) for High-Frequency Limit Order Book Forecasting: Efficiency, Interpretability, and Alpha Decay5 Jan 2026
- 2025FINN-GL: Generalized Mixed-Precision Extensions for FPGA-Accelerated LSTMs25 Jun 2025
- 2025Exploring Microstructural Dynamics in Cryptocurrency Limit Order Books: Better Inputs Matter More Than Stacking Another Hidden Layer6 Jun 2025
37 more
- 2025TIP-Search: Time-Predictable Inference Scheduling for Market Prediction under Uncertain Load30 May 2025
- 2025Representation Learning of Limit Order Book: A Comprehensive Study and Benchmarking4 May 2025
- 2025Deep Learning Models Meet Financial Data Modalities18 Apr 2025
- 2025Deep Learning for Time Series Forecasting: A Survey13 Mar 2025
- 2025LOB-Bench: Benchmarking Generative AI for Finance -- an Application to Limit Order Book Data13 Feb 2025
- 2025TLOB: A Novel Transformer Model with Dual Attention for Price Trend Prediction with Limit Order Book Data12 Feb 2025
- 2025TRADES: Generating Realistic Market Simulations with Diffusion Models31 Jan 2025
- 2024Data Distribution Valuation6 Oct 2024
- 2024Price predictability in limit order book with deep learning model21 Sep 2024
- 2024MarS: a Financial Market Simulation Engine Powered by Generative Foundation Model4 Sep 2024
- 2024HLOB -- Information Persistence and Structure in Limit Order Books29 May 2024
- 2024Deep Limit Order Book Forecasting14 Mar 2024
- 2023Extended Deep Adaptive Input Normalization for Preprocessing Time Series Data for Neural Networks23 Oct 2023
- 2023Non-negative isomorphic neural networks for photonic neuromorphic accelerators2 Oct 2023
- 2023Leveraging Deep Learning and Online Source Sentiment for Financial Portfolio Management23 Jul 2023
- 2023LOB-Based Deep Learning Models for Stock Price Trend Prediction: A Benchmark Study5 Jul 2023
- 2023Fair yet Asymptotically Equal Collaborative Learning9 Jun 2023
- 2023Non-adversarial training of Neural SDEs with signature kernel scores25 May 2023
- 2023Market Making with Deep Reinforcement Learning from Limit Order Books25 May 2023
- 2023Optimum Output Long Short-Term Memory Cell for High-Frequency Trading Forecasting17 Apr 2023
- 2022Axial-LOB: High-Frequency Trading with Axial Attention4 Dec 2022
- 2022Novel Modelling Strategies for High-frequency Stock Trading Data30 Nov 2022
- 2022DSLOB: A Synthetic Limit Order Book Dataset for Benchmarking Forecasting Algorithms under Distributional Shift17 Nov 2022
- 2022Predicting the State of Synchronization of Financial Time Series using Cross Recurrence Plots26 Oct 2022
- 2022Manifold Gaussian Variational Bayes on the Precision Matrix26 Oct 2022
- 2022Augmented Bilinear Network for Incremental Multi-Stock Time-Series Classification23 Jul 2022
- 2022Optimal Estimation of Generic Dynamics by Path-Dependent Neural Jump ODEs28 Jun 2022
- 2022Accelerating Machine Learning Training Time for Limit Order Book Prediction17 Jun 2022
- 2022Bayesian Bilinear Neural Network for Predicting the Mid-price Dynamics in Limit-Order Book Markets7 Mar 2022
- 2022Multi-head Temporal Attention-Augmented Bilinear Network for Financial time series prediction14 Jan 2022
- 2021How Robust are Limit Order Book Representations under Data Perturbation?10 Oct 2021
- 2021Bilinear Input Normalization for Neural Networks in Financial Forecasting1 Sep 2021
- 2021Low-Rank Temporal Attention-Augmented Bilinear Network for financial time-series forecasting5 Jul 2021
- 2021The Limit Order Book Recreation Model (LOBRM): An Extended Analysis1 Jul 2021
- 2021Multi-Horizon Forecasting for Limit Order Books: Novel Deep Learning Approaches and Hardware Acceleration using Intelligent Processing Units21 May 2021
- 2021Visualising Deep Network's Time-Series Representations12 Mar 2021
- 2021Deep Learning for Market by Order Data17 Feb 2021
- 2023Non-adversarial training of Neural SDEs with signature kernel scorescited by 36
- 2024MarS: a Financial Market Simulation Engine Powered by Generative Foundation Modelcited by 27
- 2021Multi-Horizon Forecasting for Limit Order Books: Novel Deep Learning Approaches and Hardware Acceleration using Intelligent Processing Unitscited by 10
- 2025Deep Learning for Time Series Forecasting: A Surveycited by 10
- 2023LOB-Based Deep Learning Models for Stock Price Trend Prediction: A Benchmark Studycited by 9
- 2021Deep Learning for Market by Order Datacited by 8
- 2022Multi-head Temporal Attention-Augmented Bilinear Network for Financial time series predictioncited by 8
- 2023Fair yet Asymptotically Equal Collaborative Learningcited by 8
- 2024HLOB -- Information Persistence and Structure in Limit Order Bookscited by 8
- 2022Optimal Estimation of Generic Dynamics by Path-Dependent Neural Jump ODEscited by 7
- 2024Deep Limit Order Book Forecastingcited by 7
- 2021How Robust are Limit Order Book Representations under Data Perturbation?cited by 6
12 most cited of 48 All 48 (JSON)
- 2026UQ-LOB: Uncertainty-Aware Limit Order Book Mid-Price Forecasting25 Sep 2026
- 2026Optimizing Transformer Neural Network for Real-Time Outlier Detection on FPGAs24 Jul 2026
- 2026Volatility-Aware Extreme Event Detection in High-Frequency Financial Markets20 Jul 2026
- 2026UC-Search: Risk-Aware Test-Time Search for Delayed Constrained Time-Series Control24 Jun 2026
- 2026Martingale Doppelg"anger-Eval: An Identification Framework for Auditing Candlestick Understanding in Vision-Language Models16 Jun 2026
- 2026Inference-Time Decision Calibration for Temporal Classification14 Jun 2026
- 2026A Unified Multi-Modal Framework for Intelligent Financial Systems: Integrating Reinforcement Learning, High-Frequency Trading, and Game-Theoretic Approaches with Cross-Modal Sentiment Analysis9 Jun 2026
- 2026Dropout Universality: Scaling Laws and Optimal Scheduling at the Edge-of-Chaos20 May 2026
- 2026An `Inverse' Experimental Framework to Estimate Market Efficiency20 Apr 2026
- 2026Temporal Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (T-KAN) for High-Frequency Limit Order Book Forecasting: Efficiency, Interpretability, and Alpha Decay5 Jan 2026
- 2025FINN-GL: Generalized Mixed-Precision Extensions for FPGA-Accelerated LSTMs25 Jun 2025
- 2025Exploring Microstructural Dynamics in Cryptocurrency Limit Order Books: Better Inputs Matter More Than Stacking Another Hidden Layer6 Jun 2025
12 newest of 48 All 48 (JSON)