Easy over Hard: A Case Study on Deep Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
While deep learning is an exciting new technique, the benefits of this method need to be assessed with respect to its computational cost. This is particularly important for deep learning since these learners need hours (to weeks) to train the model. Such long training time limits the ability of (a)~a researcher to test the stability of their conclusion via repeated runs with different random seeds; and (b)~other researchers to repeat, improve, or even refute that original work. For example, recently, deep learning was used to find which questions in the Stack Overflow programmer discussion forum can be linked together. That deep learning system took 14 hours to execute. We show here that applying a very simple optimizer called DE to fine tune SVM, it can achieve similar (and sometimes better) results. The DE approach terminated in 10 minutes; i.e. 84 times faster hours than deep learning method. We offer these results as a cautionary tale to the software analytics community and suggest that not every new innovation should be applied without critical analysis. If researchers deploy some new and expensive process, that work should be baselined against some simpler and faster alternatives.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 2; 2023: 2; 2024: 6; 2025: 2.
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- 2022No More Fine-Tuning? An Experimental Evaluation of Prompt Tuning in Code Intelligencecited by 41
- 2021The Grammar-Learning Trajectories of Neural Language Modelscited by 36
- 2021Principal Components Bias in Over-parameterized Linear Models, and its Manifestation in Deep Neural Networkscited by 10
- 2022Requirements Engineering for Machine Learning: A Review and Reflectioncited by 7
- 2021FRUGAL: Unlocking SSL for Software Analyticscited by 6
- 2024Keeping Deep Learning Models in Check: A History-Based Approach to Mitigate Overfittingcited by 6
- 2024A Methodology for Evaluating RAG Systems: A Case Study On Configuration Dependency Validationcited by 6
- 2021Attention-based model for predicting question relatedness on Stack Overflowcited by 3
- 2024Diversity Drives Fairness: Ensemble of Higher Order Mutants for Intersectional Fairness of Machine Learning Softwarecited by 3
- 2021Transfer Learning for Mining Feature Requests and Bug Reports from Tweets and App Store Reviewscited by 2
- 2023A Comparative Study of Transformer-based Neural Text Representation Techniques on Bug Triagingcited by 2
- 2024Bridging Expert Knowledge with Deep Learning Techniques for Just-In-Time Defect Predictioncited by 2
8 more
- 2025Linux Kernel Configurations at Scale: A Dataset for Performance and Evolution Analysiscited by 2
- 2021Ten Quick Tips for Deep Learning in Biologycited by 1
- 2023Try with Simpler -- An Evaluation of Improved Principal Component Analysis in Log-based Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
- 2024On Unified Prompt Tuning for Request Quality Assurance in Public Code Reviewcited by 1
- 2021An Expert System for Redesigning Software for Cloud Applicationscited by 0
- 2021On the Feasibility of Predicting Questions being Forgotten in Stack Overflowcited by 0
- 2024AURORA: Navigating UI Tarpits via Automated Neural Screen Understandingcited by 0
- 2025TriagerX: Dual Transformers for Bug Triaging Tasks with Content and Interaction Based Rankingscited by 0
- 2025TriagerX: Dual Transformers for Bug Triaging Tasks with Content and Interaction Based Rankings23 Aug 2025
- 2025Linux Kernel Configurations at Scale: A Dataset for Performance and Evolution Analysis12 May 2025
- 2024Diversity Drives Fairness: Ensemble of Higher Order Mutants for Intersectional Fairness of Machine Learning Software11 Dec 2024
- 2024A Methodology for Evaluating RAG Systems: A Case Study On Configuration Dependency Validation11 Oct 2024
- 2024On Unified Prompt Tuning for Request Quality Assurance in Public Code Review11 Apr 2024
- 2024AURORA: Navigating UI Tarpits via Automated Neural Screen Understanding1 Apr 2024
- 2024Bridging Expert Knowledge with Deep Learning Techniques for Just-In-Time Defect Prediction17 Mar 2024
- 2024Keeping Deep Learning Models in Check: A History-Based Approach to Mitigate Overfitting18 Jan 2024
- 2023A Comparative Study of Transformer-based Neural Text Representation Techniques on Bug Triaging10 Oct 2023
- 2023Try with Simpler -- An Evaluation of Improved Principal Component Analysis in Log-based Anomaly Detection24 Aug 2023
- 2022Requirements Engineering for Machine Learning: A Review and Reflection3 Oct 2022
- 2022No More Fine-Tuning? An Experimental Evaluation of Prompt Tuning in Code Intelligence24 Jul 2022
8 more
- 2021On the Feasibility of Predicting Questions being Forgotten in Stack Overflow29 Oct 2021
- 2021An Expert System for Redesigning Software for Cloud Applications29 Sep 2021
- 2021The Grammar-Learning Trajectories of Neural Language Models13 Sep 2021
- 2021FRUGAL: Unlocking SSL for Software Analytics22 Aug 2021
- 2021Transfer Learning for Mining Feature Requests and Bug Reports from Tweets and App Store Reviews2 Aug 2021
- 2021Ten Quick Tips for Deep Learning in Biology29 May 2021
- 2021Principal Components Bias in Over-parameterized Linear Models, and its Manifestation in Deep Neural Networks12 May 2021
- 2021Attention-based model for predicting question relatedness on Stack Overflow19 Mar 2021
- 2022No More Fine-Tuning? An Experimental Evaluation of Prompt Tuning in Code Intelligencecited by 41
- 2021The Grammar-Learning Trajectories of Neural Language Modelscited by 36
- 2021Principal Components Bias in Over-parameterized Linear Models, and its Manifestation in Deep Neural Networkscited by 10
- 2022Requirements Engineering for Machine Learning: A Review and Reflectioncited by 7
- 2021FRUGAL: Unlocking SSL for Software Analyticscited by 6
- 2024Keeping Deep Learning Models in Check: A History-Based Approach to Mitigate Overfittingcited by 6
- 2021Attention-based model for predicting question relatedness on Stack Overflowcited by 3
- 2024Diversity Drives Fairness: Ensemble of Higher Order Mutants for Intersectional Fairness of Machine Learning Softwarecited by 3
- 2021Transfer Learning for Mining Feature Requests and Bug Reports from Tweets and App Store Reviewscited by 2
- 2023A Comparative Study of Transformer-based Neural Text Representation Techniques on Bug Triagingcited by 2
- 2024Bridging Expert Knowledge with Deep Learning Techniques for Just-In-Time Defect Predictioncited by 2
- 2025Linux Kernel Configurations at Scale: A Dataset for Performance and Evolution Analysiscited by 2
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2025TriagerX: Dual Transformers for Bug Triaging Tasks with Content and Interaction Based Rankings23 Aug 2025
- 2025Linux Kernel Configurations at Scale: A Dataset for Performance and Evolution Analysis12 May 2025
- 2024Diversity Drives Fairness: Ensemble of Higher Order Mutants for Intersectional Fairness of Machine Learning Software11 Dec 2024
- 2024On Unified Prompt Tuning for Request Quality Assurance in Public Code Review11 Apr 2024
- 2024AURORA: Navigating UI Tarpits via Automated Neural Screen Understanding1 Apr 2024
- 2024Bridging Expert Knowledge with Deep Learning Techniques for Just-In-Time Defect Prediction17 Mar 2024
- 2024Keeping Deep Learning Models in Check: A History-Based Approach to Mitigate Overfitting18 Jan 2024
- 2023A Comparative Study of Transformer-based Neural Text Representation Techniques on Bug Triaging10 Oct 2023
- 2023Try with Simpler -- An Evaluation of Improved Principal Component Analysis in Log-based Anomaly Detection24 Aug 2023
- 2022Requirements Engineering for Machine Learning: A Review and Reflection3 Oct 2022
- 2022No More Fine-Tuning? An Experimental Evaluation of Prompt Tuning in Code Intelligence24 Jul 2022
- 2021On the Feasibility of Predicting Questions being Forgotten in Stack Overflow29 Oct 2021
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)