openXBOW - Introducing the Passau Open-Source Crossmodal Bag-of-Words Toolkit
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce openXBOW, an open-source toolkit for the generation of bag-of-words (BoW) representations from multimodal input. In the BoW principle, word histograms were first used as features in document classification, but the idea was and can easily be adapted to, e.g., acoustic or visual low-level descriptors, introducing a prior step of vector quantisation. The openXBOW toolkit supports arbitrary numeric input features and text input and concatenates computed subbags to a final bag. It provides a variety of extensions and options. To our knowledge, openXBOW is the first publicly available toolkit for the generation of crossmodal bags-of-words. The capabilities of the tool are exemplified in two sample scenarios: time-continuous speech-based emotion recognition and sentiment analysis in tweets where improved results over other feature representation forms were observed.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 May 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 5; 2023: 0; 2024: 2; 2025: 3.
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- 2021The INTERSPEECH 2021 Computational Paralinguistics Challenge: COVID-19 Cough, COVID-19 Speech, Escalation & Primatescited by 32
- 2021SERAB: A multi-lingual benchmark for speech emotion recognitioncited by 22
- 2022The ICML 2022 Expressive Vocalizations Workshop and Competition: Recognizing, Generating, and Personalizing Vocal Burstscited by 16
- 2021On the Impact of Word Error Rate on Acoustic-Linguistic Speech Emotion Recognition: An Update for the Deep Learning Eracited by 5
- 2022The ACM Multimedia 2022 Computational Paralinguistics Challenge: Vocalisations, Stuttering, Activity, & Mosquitoescited by 4
- 2024Dual-Constrained Dynamical Neural ODEs for Ambiguity-aware Continuous Emotion Predictioncited by 4
- 2022Fusing Convolutional Neural Network and Geometric Constraint for Image-based Indoor Localizationcited by 3
- 2022A Summary of the ComParE COVID-19 Challengescited by 2
- 2025Deciphering GunType Hierarchy through Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordingscited by 2
- 2025Emotions as Ambiguity-aware Ordinal Representationscited by 1
- 2022Visualizations of Complex Sequences of Family-Infant Vocalizations Using Bag-of-Audio-Words Approach Based on Wav2vec 2.0 Featurescited by 0
- 2024Identification of Cognitive Decline from Spoken Language through Feature Selection and the Bag of Acoustic Words Modelcited by 0
- 2025Emotions as Ambiguity-aware Ordinal Representations26 Aug 2025
- 2025Deciphering GunType Hierarchy through Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordings25 Jun 2025
- 2025Dementia classification from spontaneous speech using wrapper-based feature selection4 Feb 2025
- 2024Dual-Constrained Dynamical Neural ODEs for Ambiguity-aware Continuous Emotion Prediction31 Jul 2024
- 2024Identification of Cognitive Decline from Spoken Language through Feature Selection and the Bag of Acoustic Words Model2 Feb 2024
- 2022The ACM Multimedia 2022 Computational Paralinguistics Challenge: Vocalisations, Stuttering, Activity, & Mosquitoes13 May 2022
- 2022The ICML 2022 Expressive Vocalizations Workshop and Competition: Recognizing, Generating, and Personalizing Vocal Bursts3 May 2022
- 2022Visualizations of Complex Sequences of Family-Infant Vocalizations Using Bag-of-Audio-Words Approach Based on Wav2vec 2.0 Features29 Mar 2022
- 2022A Summary of the ComParE COVID-19 Challenges17 Feb 2022
- 2022Fusing Convolutional Neural Network and Geometric Constraint for Image-based Indoor Localization5 Jan 2022
- 2021SERAB: A multi-lingual benchmark for speech emotion recognition7 Oct 2021
- 2021On the Impact of Word Error Rate on Acoustic-Linguistic Speech Emotion Recognition: An Update for the Deep Learning Era20 Apr 2021
- 2021The INTERSPEECH 2021 Computational Paralinguistics Challenge: COVID-19 Cough, COVID-19 Speech, Escalation & Primatescited by 32
- 2021SERAB: A multi-lingual benchmark for speech emotion recognitioncited by 22
- 2022The ICML 2022 Expressive Vocalizations Workshop and Competition: Recognizing, Generating, and Personalizing Vocal Burstscited by 16
- 2021On the Impact of Word Error Rate on Acoustic-Linguistic Speech Emotion Recognition: An Update for the Deep Learning Eracited by 5
- 2022The ACM Multimedia 2022 Computational Paralinguistics Challenge: Vocalisations, Stuttering, Activity, & Mosquitoescited by 4
- 2024Dual-Constrained Dynamical Neural ODEs for Ambiguity-aware Continuous Emotion Predictioncited by 4
- 2022Fusing Convolutional Neural Network and Geometric Constraint for Image-based Indoor Localizationcited by 3
- 2022A Summary of the ComParE COVID-19 Challengescited by 2
- 2025Deciphering GunType Hierarchy through Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordingscited by 2
- 2025Emotions as Ambiguity-aware Ordinal Representationscited by 1
- 2022Visualizations of Complex Sequences of Family-Infant Vocalizations Using Bag-of-Audio-Words Approach Based on Wav2vec 2.0 Featurescited by 0
- 2024Identification of Cognitive Decline from Spoken Language through Feature Selection and the Bag of Acoustic Words Modelcited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2025Emotions as Ambiguity-aware Ordinal Representations26 Aug 2025
- 2025Deciphering GunType Hierarchy through Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordings25 Jun 2025
- 2025Dementia classification from spontaneous speech using wrapper-based feature selection4 Feb 2025
- 2024Dual-Constrained Dynamical Neural ODEs for Ambiguity-aware Continuous Emotion Prediction31 Jul 2024
- 2024Identification of Cognitive Decline from Spoken Language through Feature Selection and the Bag of Acoustic Words Model2 Feb 2024
- 2022The ACM Multimedia 2022 Computational Paralinguistics Challenge: Vocalisations, Stuttering, Activity, & Mosquitoes13 May 2022
- 2022The ICML 2022 Expressive Vocalizations Workshop and Competition: Recognizing, Generating, and Personalizing Vocal Bursts3 May 2022
- 2022Visualizations of Complex Sequences of Family-Infant Vocalizations Using Bag-of-Audio-Words Approach Based on Wav2vec 2.0 Features29 Mar 2022
- 2022A Summary of the ComParE COVID-19 Challenges17 Feb 2022
- 2022Fusing Convolutional Neural Network and Geometric Constraint for Image-based Indoor Localization5 Jan 2022
- 2021SERAB: A multi-lingual benchmark for speech emotion recognition7 Oct 2021
- 2021On the Impact of Word Error Rate on Acoustic-Linguistic Speech Emotion Recognition: An Update for the Deep Learning Era20 Apr 2021
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)