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Associative Long Short-Term Memory

arXiv 1602.03032 ↗First posted 9 Feb 2016cs.NEcited by 37

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Abstract (arXiv)

We investigate a new method to augment recurrent neural networks with extra memory without increasing the number of network parameters. The system has an associative memory based on complex-valued vectors and is closely related to Holographic Reduced Representations and Long Short-Term Memory networks. Holographic Reduced Representations have limited capacity: as they store more information, each retrieval becomes noisier due to interference. Our system in contrast creates redundant copies of stored information, which enables retrieval with reduced noise. Experiments demonstrate faster learning on multiple memorization tasks.

Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Feb 2016.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 5; 2023: 4; 2024: 6; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.

37 papers.

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  1. 2022Neural Networks and the Chomsky Hierarchycited by 214
  2. 2021A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part I: Models and Data Transformationscited by 98
  3. 2021A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part II: Applications, Cognitive Models, and Challengescited by 68
  4. 2021A Survey of Complex-Valued Neural Networkscited by 61
  5. 2021Hyperdimensional computing as a framework for systematic aggregation of image descriptorscited by 32
  6. 2021Attention Approximates Sparse Distributed Memorycited by 29
  7. 2021Learning with Holographic Reduced Representationscited by 25
  8. 2023Recasting Self-Attention with Holographic Reduced Representationscited by 14
  9. 2022HDC-MiniROCKET: Explicit Time Encoding in Time Series Classification with Hyperdimensional Computingcited by 13
  10. 2025Mechanistic evaluation of Transformers and state space modelscited by 8
  11. 2021Towards Understanding Theoretical Advantages of Complex-Reaction Networkscited by 6
  12. 2021Quaternion Factorization Machines: A Lightweight Solution to Intricate Feature Interaction Modellingcited by 4
25 more
  1. 2023CoNO: Complex Neural Operator for Continuous Dynamical Systemscited by 4
  2. 2021Co-domain Symmetry for Complex-Valued Deep Learningcited by 3
  3. 2024CoNO: Complex Neural Operator for Continous Dynamical Physical Systemscited by 3
  4. 2021MITNet: GAN Enhanced Magnetic Induction Tomography Based on Complex CNNcited by 2
  5. 2021BCNN: Binary Complex Neural Networkcited by 2
  6. 2022Entropic Associative Memory for Manuscript Symbolscited by 2
  7. 2022State-Regularized Recurrent Neural Networks to Extract Automata and Explain Predictionscited by 2
  8. 2023Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for Quantum Natural Language Processingcited by 2
  9. 2025Linearithmic Clean-up for Vector-Symbolic Key-Value Memory with Kroneker Rotation Productscited by 2
  10. 2025RVFL-X: A Novel Randomized Network Based on Complex Transformed Real-Valued Tabular Datasetscited by 2
  11. 2024Multi-label Learning with Random Circular Vectorscited by 1
  12. 2024Associative Knowledge Graphs for Efficient Sequence Storage and Retrievalcited by 1
  13. 2025Transfer Learning for Temporal Link Predictioncited by 1
  14. 2025Lego Sketch: A Scalable Memory-augmented Neural Network for Sketching Data Streamscited by 1
  15. 2021Neural Networks with Complex-Valued Weights Have No Spurious Local Minimacited by 0
  16. 2021Energy time series forecasting-Analytical and empirical assessment of conventional and machine learning modelscited by 0
  17. 2021Spectral Complexity-scaled Generalization Bound of Complex-valued Neural Networkscited by 0
  18. 2022A photonic chip-based machine learning approach for the prediction of molecular propertiescited by 0
  19. 2023Deep Axial Hypercomplex Networkscited by 0
  20. 2024Entropic associative memory for real world imagescited by 0
  21. 2024Metric Learning for Clifford Group Equivariant Neural Networkscited by 0
  22. 2024Exploring Learnability in Memory-Augmented Recurrent Neural Networks: Precision, Stability, and Empirical Insightscited by 0
  23. 2025A Vector Symbolic Approach to Multiple Instance Learningcited by 0
  24. 2026Phase-Associative Memory: Sequence Modeling in Complex Hilbert Spacecited by 0
  25. 2026Gating Enables Curvature: A Geometric Expressivity Gap in Attentioncited by 0