Reinforcement Learning Neural Turing Machines - Revised
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Abstract (arXiv)
The Neural Turing Machine (NTM) is more expressive than all previously considered models because of its external memory. It can be viewed as a broader effort to use abstract external Interfaces and to learn a parametric model that interacts with them. The capabilities of a model can be extended by providing it with proper Interfaces that interact with the world. These external Interfaces include memory, a database, a search engine, or a piece of software such as a theorem verifier. Some of these Interfaces are provided by the developers of the model. However, many important existing Interfaces, such as databases and search engines, are discrete. We examine feasibility of learning models to interact with discrete Interfaces. We investigate the following discrete Interfaces: a memory Tape, an input Tape, and an output Tape. We use a Reinforcement Learning algorithm to train a neural network that interacts with such Interfaces to solve simple algorithmic tasks. Our Interfaces are expressive enough to make our model Turing complete.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 May 2015.
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Citing papers per year: 2017: 1; 2018: 0; 2019: 0; 2020: 0; 2021: 4; 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 2.
11 papers.
- 2022Neural Networks and the Chomsky Hierarchycited by 214
- 2021Survey of Low-Resource Machine Translationcited by 92
- 2017Reinforced Video Captioning with Entailment Rewardscited by 21
- 2024Retrieval-Augmented Decision Transformer: External Memory for In-context RLcited by 20
- 2021UnweaveNet: Unweaving Activity Storiescited by 14
- 2025When Can Model-Free Reinforcement Learning be Enough for Thinking?cited by 5
- 2021BF++: a language for general-purpose program synthesiscited by 3
- 2025Reward Models are Metrics in a Trench Coatcited by 2
- 2023Compositional Generalization for Data-to-Text Generationcited by 1
- 2021Dual Reinforcement-Based Specification Generation for Image De-Renderingcited by 0
- 2024Extensional Properties of Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2025Reward Models are Metrics in a Trench Coat3 Oct 2025
- 2025When Can Model-Free Reinforcement Learning be Enough for Thinking?20 Jun 2025
- 2024Extensional Properties of Recurrent Neural Networks30 Oct 2024
- 2024Retrieval-Augmented Decision Transformer: External Memory for In-context RL9 Oct 2024
- 2023Compositional Generalization for Data-to-Text Generation5 Dec 2023
- 2022Neural Networks and the Chomsky Hierarchy5 Jul 2022
- 2021UnweaveNet: Unweaving Activity Stories19 Dec 2021
- 2021Survey of Low-Resource Machine Translation1 Sep 2021
- 2021Dual Reinforcement-Based Specification Generation for Image De-Rendering2 Mar 2021
- 2021BF++: a language for general-purpose program synthesis23 Jan 2021
- 2017Reinforced Video Captioning with Entailment Rewards7 Aug 2017