mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Deformable Part Models are Convolutional Neural Networks

arXiv 1409.5403 ↗First posted 18 Sep 2014cs.CVcited by 35

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Abstract (arXiv)

Deformable part models (DPMs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are two widely used tools for visual recognition. They are typically viewed as distinct approaches: DPMs are graphical models (Markov random fields), while CNNs are "black-box" non-linear classifiers. In this paper, we show that a DPM can be formulated as a CNN, thus providing a novel synthesis of the two ideas. Our construction involves unrolling the DPM inference algorithm and mapping each step to an equivalent (and at times novel) CNN layer. From this perspective, it becomes natural to replace the standard image features used in DPM with a learned feature extractor. We call the resulting model DeepPyramid DPM and experimentally validate it on PASCAL VOC. DeepPyramid DPM significantly outperforms DPMs based on histograms of oriented gradients features (HOG) and slightly outperforms a comparable version of the recently introduced R-CNN detection system, while running an order of magnitude faster.

Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Sep 2014.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 8; 2023: 8; 2024: 6; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.

35 papers.

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  1. 2023CoTracker: It is Better to Track Togethercited by 516
  2. 2021Understanding Robustness of Transformers for Image Classificationcited by 250
  3. 2021Fine-Grained Image Analysis with Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 135
  4. 2021Deformable ProtoPNet: An Interpretable Image Classifier Using Deformable Prototypescited by 120
  5. 2021Sequential End-to-end Network for Efficient Person Searchcited by 38
  6. 2021Improving Weakly-supervised Object Localization via Causal Interventioncited by 14
  7. 2023Surround-View Vision-based 3D Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 14
  8. 2022Part-Based Models Improve Adversarial Robustnesscited by 11
  9. 2024Vision transformers in domain adaptation and domain generalization: a study of robustnesscited by 11
  10. 2025UniPhy: Learning a Unified Constitutive Model for Inverse Physics Simulationcited by 11
  11. 2022Domain Adaptive Person Searchcited by 7
  12. 2024PartImageNet++ Dataset: Scaling up Part-based Models for Robust Recognitioncited by 7
23 more
  1. 2022Distance-Aware Occlusion Detection with Focused Attentioncited by 6
  2. 2021Spatiotemporal Deformable Scene Graphs for Complex Activity Detectioncited by 5
  3. 2022Med-Query: Steerable Parsing of 9-DoF Medical Anatomies with Query Embeddingcited by 3
  4. 2024Mamba Capsule Routing Towards Part-Whole Relational Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 3
  5. 2021AI perspectives in Smart Cities and Communities to enable road vehicle automation and smart traffic controlcited by 2
  6. 2022Resource-Efficient Invariant Networks: Exponential Gains by Unrolled Optimizationcited by 2
  7. 2023Sampling-based Uncertainty Estimation for an Instance Segmentation Networkcited by 2
  8. 2024DP-Net: Learning Discriminative Parts for image recognitioncited by 2
  9. 2022Learning Compositional Representations for Effective Low-Shot Generalizationcited by 1
  10. 2022PS-ARM: An End-to-End Attention-aware Relation Mixer Network for Person Searchcited by 1
  11. 2023DDAM-PS: Diligent Domain Adaptive Mixer for Person Searchcited by 1
  12. 2024PARMESAN: Parameter-Free Memory Search and Transduction for Dense Prediction Taskscited by 1
  13. 2024Fast One-Stage Unsupervised Domain Adaptive Person Searchcited by 1
  14. 2021Sparse-shot Learning with Exclusive Cross-Entropy for Extremely Many Localisationscited by 0
  15. 2022Fine-grained Few-shot Recognition by Deep Object Parsingcited by 0
  16. 2023Preventing Errors in Person Detection: A Part-Based Self-Monitoring Frameworkcited by 0
  17. 2023Occlusion Aware Student Emotion Recognition based on Facial Action Unit Detectioncited by 0
  18. 2023Domain Adaptive Person Search via GAN-based Scene Synthesis for Cross-scene Videoscited by 0
  19. 2023Deep MDP: A Modular Framework for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 0
  20. 2025Towards Large Scale Geostatistical Methane Monitoring with Part-based Object Detectioncited by 0
  21. 2025Depth-Copy-Paste: Multimodal and Depth-Aware Compositing for Robust Face Detectioncited by 0
  22. 2026PartImageNet++ Dataset: Enhancing Visual Models with High-Quality Part Annotationscited by 0
  23. 2026Detection of Virus and Small Cell Patches in Foci Images Using Switchable Convolution and Feature Pyramid Networkscited by 0