A formally verified proof of the Central Limit Theorem
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We describe a proof of the Central Limit Theorem that has been formally verified in the Isabelle proof assistant. Our formalization builds upon and extends Isabelle's libraries for analysis and measure-theoretic probability. The proof of the theorem uses characteristic functions, which are a kind of Fourier transform, to demonstrate that, under suitable hypotheses, sums of random variables converge weakly to the standard normal distribution. We also discuss the libraries and infrastructure that supported the formalization, and reflect on some of the lessons we have learned from the effort.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 May 2014.
Builds on
No reference list yet.
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 0; 2025: 1; 2026: 3.
5 papers.
- 2022Formalization of a Stochastic Approximation Theoremcited by 5
- 2025Formalized Hopfield Networks and Boltzmann Machinescited by 2
- 2026Hypothesis-Disciplined Multi-Agent Automated Formalization of Asymptotic Statistical Theorycited by 1
- 2026From Solvers to Research: Large Language Model-Driven Formal Mathematics at the Research Frontiercited by 1
- 2026ProofLoom: Proof-Obligation-Driven Theory Construction for Autoformalizing Research-Level Stochastic Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026ProofLoom: Proof-Obligation-Driven Theory Construction for Autoformalizing Research-Level Stochastic Optimization28 Sep 2026
- 2026From Solvers to Research: Large Language Model-Driven Formal Mathematics at the Research Frontier8 Jul 2026
- 2026Hypothesis-Disciplined Multi-Agent Automated Formalization of Asymptotic Statistical Theory3 Jun 2026
- 2025Formalized Hopfield Networks and Boltzmann Machines8 Dec 2025
- 2022Formalization of a Stochastic Approximation Theorem12 Feb 2022