Automatic Labeling for Entity Extraction in Cyber Security
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Abstract (arXiv)
Timely analysis of cyber-security information necessitates automated information extraction from unstructured text. While state-of-the-art extraction methods produce extremely accurate results, they require ample training data, which is generally unavailable for specialized applications, such as detecting security related entities; moreover, manual annotation of corpora is very costly and often not a viable solution. In response, we develop a very precise method to automatically label text from several data sources by leveraging related, domain-specific, structured data and provide public access to a corpus annotated with cyber-security entities. Next, we implement a Maximum Entropy Model trained with the average perceptron on a portion of our corpus (~750,000 words) and achieve near perfect precision, recall, and accuracy, with training times under 17 seconds.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Aug 2013.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 3; 2023: 4; 2024: 3; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.
13 papers.
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- 2022Looking Beyond IoCs: Automatically Extracting Attack Patterns from External CTIcited by 27
- 2021What are the attackers doing now? Automating cyber threat intelligence extraction from text on pace with the changing threat landscape: A surveycited by 14
- 2021Few-Sample Named Entity Recognition for Security Vulnerability Reports by Fine-Tuning Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 3
- 2022From Threat Reports to Continuous Threat Intelligence: A Comparison of Attack Technique Extraction Methods from Textual Artifactscited by 3
- 2023Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with Unified Model in the Cybersecurity Domaincited by 3
- 2023Graphene: Infrastructure Security Posture Analysis with AI-generated Attack Graphscited by 3
- 2024AnnoCTR: A Dataset for Detecting and Linking Entities, Tactics, and Techniques in Cyber Threat Reportscited by 2
- 2024CPE-Identifier: Automated CPE identification and CVE summaries annotation with Deep Learning and NLPcited by 2
- 2022Recognizing and Extracting Cybersecurtity-relevant Entities from Textcited by 1
- 2023Constructing a Knowledge Graph from Textual Descriptions of Software Vulnerabilities in the National Vulnerability Databasecited by 1
- 2024LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks for Cybersecurity Named Entity Recognitioncited by 1
- 2026Context-aware Entity-Relation Extraction for Threat Intelligence Knowledge Graphscited by 1
1 more
- 2026Context-aware Entity-Relation Extraction for Threat Intelligence Knowledge Graphs15 May 2026
- 2024LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks for Cybersecurity Named Entity Recognition30 Aug 2024
- 2024CPE-Identifier: Automated CPE identification and CVE summaries annotation with Deep Learning and NLP22 May 2024
- 2024AnnoCTR: A Dataset for Detecting and Linking Entities, Tactics, and Techniques in Cyber Threat Reports11 Apr 2024
- 2023Graphene: Infrastructure Security Posture Analysis with AI-generated Attack Graphs20 Dec 2023
- 2023Constructing a Knowledge Graph from Textual Descriptions of Software Vulnerabilities in the National Vulnerability Database30 Apr 2023
- 2023Automated Mapping of CVE Vulnerability Records to MITRE CWE Weaknesses13 Apr 2023
- 2023Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with Unified Model in the Cybersecurity Domain20 Feb 2023
- 2022Looking Beyond IoCs: Automatically Extracting Attack Patterns from External CTI1 Nov 2022
- 2022From Threat Reports to Continuous Threat Intelligence: A Comparison of Attack Technique Extraction Methods from Textual Artifacts5 Oct 2022
- 2022Recognizing and Extracting Cybersecurtity-relevant Entities from Text2 Aug 2022
- 2021What are the attackers doing now? Automating cyber threat intelligence extraction from text on pace with the changing threat landscape: A survey14 Sep 2021
- 2022Looking Beyond IoCs: Automatically Extracting Attack Patterns from External CTIcited by 27
- 2021What are the attackers doing now? Automating cyber threat intelligence extraction from text on pace with the changing threat landscape: A surveycited by 14
- 2021Few-Sample Named Entity Recognition for Security Vulnerability Reports by Fine-Tuning Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 3
- 2022From Threat Reports to Continuous Threat Intelligence: A Comparison of Attack Technique Extraction Methods from Textual Artifactscited by 3
- 2023Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with Unified Model in the Cybersecurity Domaincited by 3
- 2023Graphene: Infrastructure Security Posture Analysis with AI-generated Attack Graphscited by 3
- 2024AnnoCTR: A Dataset for Detecting and Linking Entities, Tactics, and Techniques in Cyber Threat Reportscited by 2
- 2024CPE-Identifier: Automated CPE identification and CVE summaries annotation with Deep Learning and NLPcited by 2
- 2022Recognizing and Extracting Cybersecurtity-relevant Entities from Textcited by 1
- 2023Constructing a Knowledge Graph from Textual Descriptions of Software Vulnerabilities in the National Vulnerability Databasecited by 1
- 2024LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks for Cybersecurity Named Entity Recognitioncited by 1
- 2026Context-aware Entity-Relation Extraction for Threat Intelligence Knowledge Graphscited by 1
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026Context-aware Entity-Relation Extraction for Threat Intelligence Knowledge Graphs15 May 2026
- 2024LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks for Cybersecurity Named Entity Recognition30 Aug 2024
- 2024CPE-Identifier: Automated CPE identification and CVE summaries annotation with Deep Learning and NLP22 May 2024
- 2024AnnoCTR: A Dataset for Detecting and Linking Entities, Tactics, and Techniques in Cyber Threat Reports11 Apr 2024
- 2023Graphene: Infrastructure Security Posture Analysis with AI-generated Attack Graphs20 Dec 2023
- 2023Constructing a Knowledge Graph from Textual Descriptions of Software Vulnerabilities in the National Vulnerability Database30 Apr 2023
- 2023Automated Mapping of CVE Vulnerability Records to MITRE CWE Weaknesses13 Apr 2023
- 2023Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with Unified Model in the Cybersecurity Domain20 Feb 2023
- 2022Looking Beyond IoCs: Automatically Extracting Attack Patterns from External CTI1 Nov 2022
- 2022From Threat Reports to Continuous Threat Intelligence: A Comparison of Attack Technique Extraction Methods from Textual Artifacts5 Oct 2022
- 2022Recognizing and Extracting Cybersecurtity-relevant Entities from Text2 Aug 2022
- 2021What are the attackers doing now? Automating cyber threat intelligence extraction from text on pace with the changing threat landscape: A survey14 Sep 2021
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)