mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Barnes-Hut-SNE

arXiv 1301.3342 ↗First posted 15 Jan 2013cs.LG cs.CV stat.MLcited by 14

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Abstract (arXiv)

The paper presents an O(N log N)-implementation of t-SNE -- an embedding technique that is commonly used for the visualization of high-dimensional data in scatter plots and that normally runs in O(N^2). The new implementation uses vantage-point trees to compute sparse pairwise similarities between the input data objects, and it uses a variant of the Barnes-Hut algorithm - an algorithm used by astronomers to perform N-body simulations - to approximate the forces between the corresponding points in the embedding. Our experiments show that the new algorithm, called Barnes-Hut-SNE, leads to substantial computational advantages over standard t-SNE, and that it makes it possible to learn embeddings of data sets with millions of objects.

Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Jan 2013.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 4; 2023: 2; 2024: 2; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.

14 papers.

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  1. 2022Domain Adversarial Spatial-Temporal Network: A Transferable Framework for Short-term Traffic Forecasting across Citiescited by 38
  2. 2022Cloud-Device Collaborative Adaptation to Continual Changing Environments in the Real-worldcited by 16
  3. 2023SNEkhorn: Dimension Reduction with Symmetric Entropic Affinitiescited by 12
  4. 2024Federated Data-Efficient Instruction Tuning for Large Language Modelscited by 9
  5. 2022BEVUDA: Multi-geometric Space Alignments for Domain Adaptive BEV 3D Object Detectioncited by 5
  6. 2024Exploring Dark Knowledge under Various Teacher Capacities and Addressing Capacity Mismatchcited by 4
  7. 2026ET-Agent: Incentivizing Effective Tool-Integrated Reasoning Agent via Behavior Calibrationcited by 4
  8. 2022Knowledge Base Index Compression via Dimensionality and Precision Reductioncited by 2
  9. 2023MrTF: Model Refinery for Transductive Federated Learningcited by 2
  10. 2025INTENT: Trajectory Prediction Framework with Intention-Guided Contrastive Clusteringcited by 2
  11. 2025BEVUDA++: Geometric-aware Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 1
  12. 2021Visualizing Data Velocity using DSNEcited by 0
2 more
  1. 2021Index t-SNE: Tracking Dynamics of High-Dimensional Datasets with Coherent Embeddingscited by 0
  2. 2026How smoothing the affinity matrix affects neighborhood preservation in t-SNEcited by 0