# Endoscopic and medical 3D reconstruction

Area: [3D reconstruction and neural rendering](https://mlsanity.com/recon3d/index.md). HTML: https://mlsanity.com/recon3d/endoscopic-and-medical-3d-reconstruction/

## Key facts

- Endoscopic and medical 3D reconstruction: 189 papers on arXiv since 2021 (data through 19 Oct 2026).
- 67 of its 189 mapped papers (35%) cite “Neural Rendering for Stereo 3D Reconstruction of Deformable Tissues in Robotic Surgery” (2022, arXiv 2206.15255).
- 46 of its 189 mapped papers (24%) cite “EndoSurf: Neural Surface Reconstruction of Deformable Tissues with Stereo Endoscope Videos” (2023, arXiv 2307.11307).
- 5 new papers 1 Oct–19 Oct.

## Most cited here

- [Neural Rendering for Stereo 3D Reconstruction of Deformable Tissues in Robotic Surgery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.15255/) (2022), cited by 67 papers here
- [EndoSurf: Neural Surface Reconstruction of Deformable Tissues with Stereo Endoscope Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.11307/) (2023), cited by 46 papers here
- [R2-Gaussian: Rectifying Radiative Gaussian Splatting for Tomographic Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.20693/) (2024), cited by 30 papers here
- [Radiative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient X-ray Novel View Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.04116/) (2024), cited by 29 papers here
- [Structure-Aware Sparse-View X-ray 3D Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.10959/) (2023), cited by 27 papers here
- [Deform3DGS: Flexible Deformation for Fast Surgical Scene Reconstruction with Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.17835/) (2024), cited by 26 papers here
- [Endo-Depth-and-Motion: Reconstruction and Tracking in Endoscopic Videos using Depth Networks and Photometric Constraints](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.16525/) (2021), cited by 24 papers here
- [Endo-4DGS: Endoscopic Monocular Scene Reconstruction with 4D Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.16416/) (2024), cited by 24 papers here
- [MedNeRF: Medical Neural Radiance Fields for Reconstructing 3D-aware CT-Projections from a Single X-ray](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.01020/) (2022), cited by 21 papers here
- [E-DSSR: Efficient Dynamic Surgical Scene Reconstruction with Transformer-based Stereoscopic Depth Perception](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.00229/) (2021), cited by 19 papers here

## New (1 Oct–19 Oct)

- [KFS4LAM: Adaptive KeyFrame Selection with Structure-Aware Mapping for Endoscopic Gaussian Splatting SLAM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.22505/) (2026-10-15)
- [Where Should the Gaussians Go? Reusable Label-Aware Allocation for Budget-Constrained Gaussian Splatting of Cinematic CT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.20397/) (2026-10-14)
- [DoReMe: Dual optimization of Reconstruction and Motion estimation for self-navigated free-breathing abdominal MRI using Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.19120/) (2026-10-13)
- [AD-GS: Anatomical Density-guided 3D Gaussian Splatting for Sparse-View Dental CBCT Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.14963/) (2026-10-10)
- [OX-NeRF: 3D X-ray Tomography Reconstruction from Sparse Views Using Implicit Neural Representation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.11547/) (2026-10-08)