# DuplexAct-Bench: Broadening Full-Duplex Speech Evaluation toward Proactive Interaction across Diverse Behavioral Requirements

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.39446 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.39446/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 22 of its 30 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 30 Sep 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 22 of 22)

- [GPT-4o System Card](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.21276/) (2024)
- [Qwen2.5-Omni Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.20215/) (2025)
- [Moshi: a speech-text foundation model for real-time dialogue](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.00037/) (2024)
- [VITA-1.5: Towards GPT-4o Level Real-Time Vision and Speech Interaction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.01957/) (2025)
- [Qwen3.5-Omni Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.15804/) (2026)
- [Freeze-Omni: A Smart and Low Latency Speech-to-speech Dialogue Model with Frozen LLM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.00774/) (2024)
- [Full-Duplex-Bench: A Benchmark to Evaluate Full-duplex Spoken Dialogue Models on Turn-taking Capabilities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.04721/) (2025)
- [MiniCPM-o 4.5: Towards Real-Time Full-Duplex Omni-Modal Interaction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.27393/) (2026)
- [PersonaPlex: Voice and Role Control for Full Duplex Conversational Speech Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.06053/) (2026)
- [Full-Duplex-Bench v1.5: Evaluating Overlap Handling for Full-Duplex Speech Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.23159/) (2025)
- [Talking Turns: Benchmarking Audio Foundation Models on Turn-Taking Dynamics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.01174/) (2025)
- [Full-Duplex-Bench-v2: A Multi-Turn Evaluation Framework for Duplex Dialogue Systems with an Automated Examiner](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.07838/) (2025)
- [Full-Duplex-Bench-v3: Benchmarking Tool Use for Full-Duplex Voice Agents Under Real-World Disfluency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.04847/) (2026)
- [FD-Bench: A Full-Duplex Benchmarking Pipeline Designed for Full Duplex Spoken Dialogue Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.19040/) (2025)
- [FLEXI: Benchmarking Full-duplex Human-LLM Speech Interaction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.22243/) (2025)
- [Full-Duplex Interaction in Spoken Dialogue Systems: A Comprehensive Study from the ICASSP 2026 HumDial Challenge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.21406/) (2026)
- [DuplexSLA: A Full-Duplex Spoken Language Model with Synchronized Speech, Language, and Action](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.20755/) (2026)
- [DuplexCascade: Full-Duplex Speech-to-Speech Dialogue with VAD-Free Cascaded ASR-LLM-TTS Pipeline and Micro-Turn Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.09180/) (2026)
- [Raon-Speech Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.23912/) (2026)
- [BayLing-Duplex: Native Full-Duplex Speech Dialogue with a Single Autoregressive LLM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.14528/) (2026)
- [AnyAudio-Judge: A Dynamic Rubric-Based Benchmark and Evaluator for Audio Instruction Following](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.03116/) (2026)
- [DuplexSpeechBench-IFEval: Evaluating Implicit Instruction Following in Full-Duplex Voice Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.03423/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Existing full-duplex speech benchmarks cover only subsets of real-time interaction behaviors, often under limited contextual conditions. We introduce DuplexAct-Bench, a bilingual benchmark that systematically covers six complementary behaviors, from interruption and yielding to proactive initiation, active silence, and backchanneling, across Pre-session, In-session, and No-explicit conditions. Across 1,290 English and Chinese streaming trials, we evaluate 12 full-duplex speech systems on both Timing and Content. Results reveal substantial variation across behaviors, conditions, and systems, as well as frequent mismatches between semantic quality and behavioral timing. These findings show that current systems remain far from robustly managing when, whether, and how to participate as real-time interaction unfolds. Project page: https://alitaxky.icu/DuplexAct-Bench/