# AI-based detection of worsening heart failure from low-resolution telemonitoring data

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.29742 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.29742/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 11 of its 43 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 Sep 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 11 of 11)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
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- [What Makes for Good Views for Contrastive Learning?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.10243/) (2020)
- [A Comparative Study on Transformer vs RNN in Speech Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.06317/) (2019)
- [Understanding LSTM -- a tutorial into Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.09586/) (2019)
- [Contrast Everything: A Hierarchical Contrastive Framework for Medical Time-Series](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.14017/) (2023)
- [A Comprehensive Survey on Rare Event Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.11356/) (2023)
- [CARLA: Self-supervised Contrastive Representation Learning for Time Series Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.09296/) (2023)
- [Multi-resolution Networks For Flexible Irregular Time Series Modeling (Multi-FIT)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.00125/) (2019)
- [Understanding the Benefits of SimCLR Pre-Training in Two-Layer Convolutional Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.18685/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Objective: Heart failure (HF) presents a healthcare challenge due to its high comorbidity burden, aging patient population and frequent hospitalizations. Remote monitoring offers a promising approach to managing HF patients by early detection of health deterioration. Developing autonomous systems to detect signs of worsening in telemonitoring data is of interest to reduce the workload of healthcare personnel. Methods: We propose the TRACER model, a Transformer with Contrastive Event Representation, designed to predict timelines leading to rare hospitalization events in low-resolution and irregularly sampled telemonitoring data. TRACER incorporates time-aware embeddings for each biomarker, contrastive pre-training to enhance anomaly detection via representation learning, and independent binary classifiers for detection. We used measurement data containing remotely recorded biomarker sequences from 276 HF patients segmented into overlapping windows based on temporal rules, and labeled the windows based on the occurrence of HF relevant hospitalizations at the latter edge of the window. Results: TRACER was able to correctly predict 66.7% timelines leading up to HF hospitalizations in the highly imbalanced real-world dataset with an overestimation of 7.9%. Reformulating the training of TRACER as an event detection problem improved the predictive performance compared with training directly on forecasting windows, enabling more effective use of the limited hospitalization events. Conclusion: TRACER demonstrated superior performance in detecting signs of worsening status in real-world telemonitoring data compared to the other tested models. Significance: TRACER shows promise in identifying signs of clinical deterioration that allow for alerts to be generated to provide counteractive treatment in patients with HF.