# A Harness for Synthesizing Diverse Naturalistic Full-Duplex Conversations

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28806 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.28806/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 26 of its 57 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 23 Sep 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 26 of 26)

- [M3-Embedding: Multi-Linguality, Multi-Functionality, Multi-Granularity Text Embeddings Through Self-Knowledge Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.03216/) (2024)
- [DeepSeek-V4: Towards Highly Efficient Million-Token Context Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.19348/) (2026)
- [Enhancing Chat Language Models by Scaling High-quality Instructional Conversations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.14233/) (2023)
- [Moshi: a speech-text foundation model for real-time dialogue](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.00037/) (2024)
- [MUSAN: A Music, Speech, and Noise Corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1510.08484/) (2015)
- [The Vendi Score: A Diversity Evaluation Metric for Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.02410/) (2022)
- [SODA: Million-scale Dialogue Distillation with Social Commonsense Contextualization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.10465/) (2022)
- [Freeze-Omni: A Smart and Low Latency Speech-to-speech Dialogue Model with Frozen LLM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.00774/) (2024)
- [The INTERSPEECH 2020 Deep Noise Suppression Challenge: Datasets, Subjective Testing Framework, and Challenge Results](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.13981/) (2020)
- [Generative Spoken Dialogue Language Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.16502/) (2022)
- [Qwen3-TTS Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.15621/) (2026)
- [Qwen3-ASR Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.21337/) (2026)
- [Verbalized Sampling: How to Mitigate Mode Collapse and Unlock LLM Diversity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.01171/) (2025)
- [Full-Duplex-Bench: A Benchmark to Evaluate Full-duplex Spoken Dialogue Models on Turn-taking Capabilities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.04721/) (2025)
- [EXPRESSO: A Benchmark and Analysis of Discrete Expressive Speech Resynthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.05725/) (2023)
- [PLACES: Prompting Language Models for Social Conversation Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.03269/) (2023)
- [Beyond Turn-Based Interfaces: Synchronous LLMs as Full-Duplex Dialogue Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.15594/) (2024)
- [DailyTalk: Spoken Dialogue Dataset for Conversational Text-to-Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.01063/) (2022)
- [Voice Activity Projection: Self-supervised Learning of Turn-taking Events](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.09812/) (2022)
- [TurnGPT: a Transformer-based Language Model for Predicting Turn-taking in Spoken Dialog](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.10874/) (2020)
- [Full-Duplex-Bench v1.5: Evaluating Overlap Handling for Full-Duplex Speech Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.23159/) (2025)
- [Controllable Dialogue Simulation with In-Context Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.04185/) (2022)
- [DiDiSpeech: A Large Scale Mandarin Speech Corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.09275/) (2020)
- [Rethinking and Refining the Distinct Metric](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.13587/) (2022)
- [SALMONN-omni: A Standalone Speech LLM without Codec Injection for Full-duplex Conversation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.17060/) (2025)
- [From Simulated Mixtures to Simulated Conversations as Training Data for End-to-End Neural Diarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.00890/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Full-duplex dialogue systems, which listen while speaking, must distinguish a completed turn from a pause within a turn and an interruption that requests a turn from a brief acknowledgment or speech addressed to a third party. Yet existing conversational corpora provide limited control over these events and limited labels for their intent. We present a pipeline for synthesizing intent-labeled, two-channel conversational speech from relational event lists. An LLM authors each event's speaker, text, conversational act, and attachment to an earlier event without predicting absolute timestamps. Events are synthesized independently, aligned with their source text, and placed on a shared clock, so turn-taking landmarks are measured from the rendered signal while silence durations are specified or sampled from turn-taking distributions. The pipeline covers 42 phenomena across eight families in English and Mandarin, derives frame-level system actions from authored intent, and promotes diversity using small, diverse sets of prior examples and batch prompts that request alternatives with self-reported probabilities. Ablations show gains in each targeted diversity dimension. On a four-action label space for taking, holding, releasing, and not holding the conversational floor, a semantic voice-activity detector using only current and past audio reaches start-speaking and start-listening F1 scores of 0.819 and 0.802. When generating its own responses, the full-duplex speech model Moshi takes 0.85 of the reference turns after fine-tuning on the generated corpus, compared with 0.44 before fine-tuning. Its frame-level precision for predicting system-floor occupancy rises from 0.46 to 0.88. With reference context at each step, its frame-level floor F1 rises from 0.893 to 0.962. These results show that controlled synthesis can provide learnable and transferable supervision for full-duplex turn management.