# One Prompt Does Not Fit All: Self-Meta-Evolve for Personalized Information Extraction

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.21626 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.21626/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 38 of its 57 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 18 Sep 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 38)

- [Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.05685/) (2023)
- [Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.03442/) (2023)
- [Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.10560/) (2022)
- [G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.16634/) (2023)
- [Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.01910/) (2022)
- [Personalizing Dialogue Agents: I have a dog, do you have pets too?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.07243/) (2018)
- [Automatic Prompt Optimization with "Gradient Descent" and Beam Search](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.03495/) (2023)
- [Promptbreeder: Self-Referential Self-Improvement Via Prompt Evolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.16797/) (2023)
- [LaMP: When Large Language Models Meet Personalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.11406/) (2023)
- [RLPrompt: Optimizing Discrete Text Prompts with Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.12548/) (2022)
- [ReEvo: Large Language Models as Hyper-Heuristics with Reflective Evolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.01145/) (2024)
- [Two Tales of Persona in LLMs: A Survey of Role-Playing and Personalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.01171/) (2024)
- [Large Language Models for Generative Information Extraction: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.17617/) (2023)
- [Large Language Models as Evolutionary Optimizers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.19046/) (2023)
- [Personalizing Dialogue Agents via Meta-Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.10033/) (2019)
- [SimulatorArena: Are User Simulators Reliable Proxies for Multi-Turn Evaluation of AI Assistants?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.05444/) (2025)
- [PersonaLens: A Benchmark for Personalization Evaluation in Conversational AI Assistants](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.09902/) (2025)
- [Personalized Generation In Large Model Era: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.02614/) (2025)
- [A Survey on Personalized Alignment -- The Missing Piece for Large Language Models in Real-World Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.17003/) (2025)
- [PersonaX: A Recommendation Agent Oriented User Modeling Framework for Long Behavior Sequence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.02398/) (2025)
- [Few-shot Personalization of LLMs with Mis-aligned Responses](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.18678/) (2024)
- [LaMP-QA: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.00137/) (2025)
- [ExPerT: Effective and Explainable Evaluation of Personalized Long-Form Text Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.14956/) (2025)
- [Guideline Learning for In-context Information Extraction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.05066/) (2023)
- [Benchmarking Deep Search over Heterogeneous Enterprise Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.23139/) (2025)
- [Towards a Design Guideline for RPA Evaluation: A Survey of Large Language Model-Based Role-Playing Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.13012/) (2025)
- [Personalized Text Generation with Fine-Grained Linguistic Control](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.04914/) (2024)
- [Self-Evolving Recommendation System: End-To-End Autonomous Model Optimization With LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.10226/) (2026)
- [System Prompt Optimization with Meta-Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.09666/) (2025)
- [Exploring the Potential of LLMs as Personalized Assistants: Dataset, Evaluation, and Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.01262/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for enterprise information extraction (IE), where the same document must be reorganized differently for each user. Existing prompt optimization methods, however, rely on a single prompt optimized against a global objective, which is misaligned with the inherent user heterogeneity of real workplaces. We formulate enterprise IE as per-user prompt adaptation under interaction feedback and propose Self-Meta-Evolve, a hierarchical framework that maintains a dedicated prompt for each user and continuously refines it through a dual-loop process: an inner loop that edits structured prompts based on persona-conditioned feedback, and an outer loop that evolves the meta-prompt itself by distilling successful editing patterns. To enable scalable training and evaluation, we release a persona-driven IE benchmark of 292 simulated enterprise users, paired with a reproducible persona-generation pipeline grounded in O*NET occupational taxonomies. On this benchmark, Self-Meta-Evolve achieves a 74.58% success rate, outperforming the strongest prompt-optimization baseline by 13.56 absolute points, and reaches 52.54% within only two iterations. A double-blind human study with twenty real professionals further confirms that prompts adapted by our framework win against static baselines in 71% of pairwise comparisons.