# A Scalable Trust Discovery Architecture for the Internet of Agents

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.20095 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.20095/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 25 of its 29 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 17 Sep 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 25 of 25)

- [ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.03629/) (2022)
- [Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.04761/) (2023)
- [Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.03442/) (2023)
- [A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.11432/) (2023)
- [Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.16291/) (2023)
- [The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.07864/) (2023)
- [WebVoyager: Building an End-to-End Web Agent with Large Multimodal Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.13919/) (2024)
- [Agent Security Bench (ASB): Formalizing and Benchmarking Attacks and Defenses in LLM-based Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.02644/) (2024)
- [Model Context Protocol (MCP): Landscape, Security Threats, and Future Research Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.23278/) (2025)
- [Magentic-One: A Generalist Multi-Agent System for Solving Complex Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.04468/) (2024)
- [The Emerged Security and Privacy of LLM Agent: A Survey with Case Studies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.19354/) (2024)
- [AgentScope: A Flexible yet Robust Multi-Agent Platform](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.14034/) (2024)
- [A survey of agent interoperability protocols: Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent Communication Protocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent Protocol (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.02279/) (2025)
- [AgentNet: Decentralized Evolutionary Coordination for LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.00587/) (2025)
- [A Survey of LLM-based Agents in Medicine: How far are we from Baymax?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.11211/) (2025)
- [A Scalable Communication Protocol for Networks of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.11905/) (2024)
- [Internet of Agents: Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.07176/) (2025)
- [Agent Network Protocol Technical White Paper](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.00007/) (2025)
- [Agent Name Service (ANS): A Universal Directory for Secure AI Agent Discovery and Interoperability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.10609/) (2025)
- [A Survey on Agent Workflow -- Status and Future](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.01186/) (2025)
- [AgentDNS: A Root Domain Naming System for LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.22368/) (2025)
- [Agent Discovery in Internet of Agents: Challenges and Solutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.19113/) (2025)
- [MARCO: Multi-Agent Real-time Chat Orchestration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.21784/) (2024)
- [LLM-Agent-Controller: A Universal Multi-Agent Large Language Model System as a Control Engineer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.19567/) (2025)
- [Agent Name Service (ANS): A Proof-of-Concept Trust Layer for Secure AI Agent Discovery, Identity, and Governance in Kubernetes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.26997/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The Internet of Agents is expected to enable large numbers of autonomous agents to discover, verify, and collaborate with each other across heterogeneous platforms. However, current agent protocols mainly address tool invocation and inter-agent communication, leaving scalable agent registration, trustworthy identification, and capability-oriented discovery largely unresolved. To address this, this paper proposes a scalable trust discovery architecture for the Internet of Agents. The proposed architecture adopts a hierarchical and distributed design consisting of three layers: Agent Root for trusted registry governance, Agent Registry for agent registration and metadata publication, and Agent Resolver for distributed capability discovery and trust-aware resolution. The architecture further introduces a registry-suffix-anchored composite identity scheme, which binds an agent native identifier to a trusted registry suffix to generate a globally discoverable identity. It also incorporates a dual-certificate and multi-level authentication mechanism to strengthen identity trust among agents. We implement a prototype and evaluate it through large-scale agent registration and resolution experiments. The prototype achieves an average registration latency of 58ms and an average discovery latency of 25ms, and it supports more than 19,000 registration requests per second and more than 29,000 agent discovery requests per second. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed architecture, providing a practical approach toward scalable and identity-trusted agent ecosystems in the Internet of Agents.