# Multi-Appliance Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring via Label-Preserving Aggregate Recomposition and Prediction Consistency

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.18315 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.18315/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 9 of its 31 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Sep 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.01507/) (2017)
- [Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.00752/) (2023)
- [Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1406.1078/) (2014)
- [An Empirical Evaluation of Generic Convolutional and Recurrent Networks for Sequence Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.01271/) (2018)
- [Noise or Signal: The Role of Image Backgrounds in Object Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.09994/) (2020)
- [Counterfactual Generative Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.06046/) (2021)
- [SwapMix: Diagnosing and Regularizing the Over-Reliance on Visual Context in Visual Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.02285/) (2022)
- [MATNilm: Multi-appliance-task Non-intrusive Load Monitoring with Limited Labeled Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.14778/) (2023)
- [Automated Background Swapping for Robustness against Spurious Backgrounds](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.32018/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) estimates appliance power sequences from aggregate power, but models trained on source households commonly lose accuracy in unseen households. Aggregate power also contains loads from other appliances and measurement error, so predictions may depend on the residual background that co-occurs with source-household targets. Time-aligned submetered measurements and the additive decomposition of aggregate power expose a relation unused by window-wise supervision: an aggregate window can be recomposed by replacing only its residual background while preserving all modeled target-appliance power sequences pointwise. We combine label-preserving aggregate recomposition with prediction consistency. Both windows receive complete power and operating-state supervision. For each appliance, disagreement between the two power predictions is penalized only when both satisfy a fixed reliability criterion and only to the extent that it exceeds a fixed margin. The proposed method is implemented using a multi-appliance architecture with two-stage shared-to-specific mixture-of-experts routing. On REDD, UK-DALE, and REFIT, the proposed method lowers appliance-averaged mean absolute error relative to single-window training from 14.75 to 13.14 W, from 8.88 to 8.51 W, and from 15.83 to 14.55 W. Label-preserving aggregate recomposition and prediction consistency are used only during training, and add no inference-time module or parameter.