# FLAT: Resampling Image and Text into 1D Flexible-Length Aligned Transmodal Tokens for Retrieval and Generation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.16591 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.16591/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 58 of its 61 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 15 Sep 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 58)

- [Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00020/) (2021)
- [High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.10752/) (2021)
- [Visual Instruction Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.08485/) (2023)
- [Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.06377/) (2021)
- [Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.14294/) (2021)
- [Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.06125/) (2022)
- [BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.12597/) (2023)
- [SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.01952/) (2023)
- [BLIP: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training for Unified Vision-Language Understanding and Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.12086/) (2022)
- [Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.03206/) (2024)
- [Scaling Up Visual and Vision-Language Representation Learning With Noisy Text Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.05918/) (2021)
- [Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.15343/) (2023)
- [CoCa: Contrastive Captioners are Image-Text Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.01917/) (2022)
- [SigLIP 2: Multilingual Vision-Language Encoders with Improved Semantic Understanding, Localization, and Dense Features](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.14786/) (2025)
- [Self-Supervised Learning from Images with a Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.08243/) (2023)
- [GenEval: An Object-Focused Framework for Evaluating Text-to-Image Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.11513/) (2023)
- [Deep Visual-Semantic Alignments for Generating Image Descriptions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.2306/) (2014)
- [Chameleon: Mixed-Modal Early-Fusion Foundation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.09818/) (2024)
- [PixArt-α: Fast Training of Diffusion Transformer for Photorealistic Text-to-Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.00426/) (2023)
- [Janus-Pro: Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation with Data and Model Scaling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.17811/) (2025)
- [EVA-CLIP: Improved Training Techniques for CLIP at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.15389/) (2023)
- [Emu3: Next-Token Prediction is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.18869/) (2024)
- [Show-o: One Single Transformer to Unify Multimodal Understanding and Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.12528/) (2024)
- [Mind the Gap: Understanding the Modality Gap in Multi-modal Contrastive Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.02053/) (2022)
- [Transfusion: Predict the Next Token and Diffuse Images with One Multi-Modal Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.11039/) (2024)
- [Janus: Decoupling Visual Encoding for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.13848/) (2024)
- [Florence-2: Advancing a Unified Representation for a Variety of Vision Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.06242/) (2023)
- [BLIP3-o: A Family of Fully Open Unified Multimodal Models-Architecture, Training and Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.09568/) (2025)
- [Adapting Language Models to Compress Contexts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.14788/) (2023)
- [SANA: Efficient High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Linear Diffusion Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.10629/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Traditional multimodal representation learning and generation are two stages: a contrastive or self-supervised visual encoder is trained first, followed by a separate downstream generative model. This setup bottlenecks generative performance behind frozen embeddings. To bridge this gap, we revisit joint multimodal representation learning and generation to produce linearly interpolatable embeddings that are directly consumable by generative decoders. We present FLAT (Flexible-Length Aligned Transmodal representations), a representation pre-training framework that jointly optimizes a shared multimodal encoder alongside downstream text-to-image (T2I) and image-to-text (I2T) decoders. By combining contrastive alignment with bidirectional cross-modal generative objectives, FLAT ensures its representations function as both discriminative semantic descriptors and generative conditions. Architecturally, FLAT maps visual and textual inputs into a unified continuous 1D sequence space, applying nested dropout over prefix-K tokens to enable dynamic output lengths. A single pre-training stage allows FLAT to perform cross-modal retrieval and generation across variable prefix K, achieving a T2I GenEval score of 71.1. Task-specific fine-tuning aligns model performance with state-of-the-art baselines: 83.1 GenEval on T2I generation; 40.5 BLEU-4 and 138.6 CIDEr on MS-COCO image captioning; and Recall@5 scores of 86.8 (I2T) / 75.8 (T2I) on MS-COCO alongside 98.3 (I2T) / 93.6 (T2I) on Flickr30K. Finally, qualitative evaluations demonstrate that FLAT representations natively support linear interpolation, latent space arithmetic, and zero-shot composed retrieval.