# EI-DDLGN: Efficient Encrypted Inference with Deep Differentiable Logic Gate Networks under TFHE

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13636 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.13636/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 6 of its 20 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 12 Sep 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.07747/) (2017)
- [Deep Differentiable Logic Gate Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.08277/) (2022)
- [SHE: A Fast and Accurate Deep Neural Network for Encrypted Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.00148/) (2019)
- [Deep Neural Networks for Encrypted Inference with TFHE](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.10906/) (2023)
- [TT-TFHE: a Torus Fully Homomorphic Encryption-Friendly Neural Network Architecture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.01584/) (2023)
- [DCT-CryptoNets: Scaling Private Inference in the Frequency Domain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.15231/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Privacy-preserving inference via Torus Fully Homomorphic Encryption (TFHE) provides strong protection for sensitive data in outsourced deep learning applications. However, most TFHE-compatible neural network frameworks remain based on arithmetic neural architectures, resulting in high inference latency due to programmable bootstrapping (PBS), accumulator growth, and circuit bit-width sensitivity. In this work, we investigate Deep Differentiable Logic Gate Networks (DDLGNs) as a Boolean-native alternative for encrypted inference under TFHE. Because DDLGNs learn Boolean computations directly and discretize into fixed logic gate networks, their inference procedure is naturally aligned with TFHE's Boolean execution model and avoids arithmetic accumulation in hidden layers. We present EI-DDLGN, the first in-depth study of TFHE-based DDLGN inference, and characterize how encrypted execution cost depends on model size, learned Boolean-function distribution, and propagated wire status. We also introduce Model-Fixed-Wire PBS Bypass (MFW-PBS Bypass), a semantics-preserving execution strategy that eliminates unnecessary PBS operations without modifying the learned network topology. Evaluations across 72 depth-width configurations on MNIST, FashionMNIST, and UCI Phishing show that DDLGNs constitute an efficient alternative to arithmetic TFHE inference, achieving substantially improved accuracy-latency trade-offs. Notably, on MNIST, EI-DDLGN-Small matches the accuracy of QAT-FCNN-4 while reducing encrypted inference latency by 13.4x. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/Carleton-SCI/EI-DDLGN