# SurgeGen: A Hybrid Generative Diffusion Framework for Storm Surge Scenario Synthesis

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.03382 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.03382/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Flow matching, time series and science, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models.
- Builds on 9 of its 25 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 3 Sep 2026.

## Placed in

- Diffusion models / [Flow matching, time series and science](https://mlsanity.com/diffusion/flow-matching-time-series-and-science/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [Elucidating the Design Space of Diffusion-Based Generative Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.00364/) (2022)
- [FiLM: Visual Reasoning with a General Conditioning Layer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.07871/) (2017)
- [Image Super-Resolution via Iterative Refinement](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.07636/) (2021)
- [Skillful Precipitation Nowcasting using Deep Generative Models of Radar](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00954/) (2021)
- [Precipitation nowcasting with generative diffusion models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.06733/) (2023)
- [An advanced spatio-temporal convolutional recurrent neural network for storm surge predictions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.09501/) (2022)
- [A Framework for Flexible Peak Storm Surge Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.13168/) (2022)
- [Advancing Spatio-temporal Storm Surge Prediction with Hierarchical Deep Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.12823/) (2024)
- [A two-stage stochastic programming model for electric substation flood mitigation prior to an imminent hurricane](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.10996/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Predicting storm surge induced by landfalling tropical cyclones is crucial for flood mitigation and coastal risk management. Traditionally, physics-based numerical models simulate storm surge by solving the Navier--Stokes equations using numerical methods, but these simulations are computationally expensive. Generative models are promising for storm surge emulation because they can generate diverse realizations rather than producing a single deterministic prediction. However, their use for storm surge emulation remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we leverage diffusion models for storm surge surrogate modeling, combining a baseline prediction stage with conditional generation to provide a more interpretable modeling framework. We develop SurgeGen, a two-stage generative framework for generating storm surge scenarios conditioned on hypothetical storms with parameters defined in a continuous space. First, a baseline model produces a coarse estimate of the storm surge height. This estimate then conditions a diffusion model, which generates refined storm surge scenarios that better capture spatial patterns and variability. We demonstrate that our approach can generate realistic and diverse storm surge scenarios under conditions both within and outside the training distribution.