# The zbMATH Open Knowledge Graph: Tracing Centuries of Mathematical Research

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.00969 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.00969/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 12 of its 32 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 1 Sep 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [OpenAlex: A fully-open index of scholarly works, authors, venues, institutions, and concepts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.01833/) (2022)
- [The Lean mathematical library](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.09336/) (2019)
- [Construction of the Literature Graph in Semantic Scholar](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.02262/) (2018)
- [AutoMathKG: The automated mathematical knowledge graph based on LLM and vector database](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.13406/) (2025)
- [OntoMathPRO Ontology: A Linked Data Hub for Mathematics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1407.4833/) (2014)
- [Linked Papers With Code: The Latest in Machine Learning as an RDF Knowledge Graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.20475/) (2023)
- [Bravo MaRDI: A Wikibase Powered Knowledge Graph on Mathematics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.11484/) (2023)
- [OntoMath Digital Ecosystem: Ontologies, Mathematical Knowledge Analytics and Management](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1702.05112/) (2017)
- [An Overview of zbMATH Open Digital Library](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.06948/) (2024)
- [Bridging RDF Knowledge Graphs with Graph Neural Networks for Semantically-Rich Recommender Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.08743/) (2025)
- [Do We Need Bigger Models for Science? Task-Aware Retrieval with Small Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.01965/) (2026)
- [SemRepo: A Knowledge Graph for Research Software and Its Scholarly Ecosystem](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.13310/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We present the zbMATH Open Knowledge Graph, a large-scale RDF knowledge graph (KG) covering more than 250 years of mathematical scholarship. Unlike existing scholarly knowledge graphs that primarily capture bibliographic metadata and citation structures, the zbMATH Open KG integrates expert-curated semantic content, including reviews, keywords, subject classifications, software references, and disambiguated authorship. This combination of domain-specific representation of mathematical knowledge and extensive temporal coverage supports analyses that require fine-grained exploration of mathematical concepts, research fields, and scholarly relationships over time. The resulting graph comprises 34 million entities and 168 million RDF triples represented using established Semantic Web vocabularies, supporting interoperability and FAIR data principles. We further demonstrate its capabilities through query-driven historically grounded scholarly exploration use cases, illustrating how the knowledge graph can surface relationships and patterns that may be difficult to identify from bibliographic and citation information alone. The zbMATH Open KG provides an open semantic infrastructure for studying the development of mathematical knowledge and tracing scholarly connections across centuries of scholarship.