# Cognitive Cells: A Compositional Framework for Populations of Small Language Models

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28606 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.28606/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- First posted on arXiv 8 Jul 2026.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks](https://mlsanity.com/agents/general-llm-agent-frameworks-and-benchmarks/)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Recent work on large language models and agentic systems raises a basic question that current practice leaves open: how should artificial cognition be decomposed, measured, and composed? We propose studying multi-agent systems from a fixed unit we call a cognitive cell: a small, frozen language model with bounded memory and a message interface. The methodological commitment, the fixed-cell principle, is to hold this unit constant and vary only the population size, the communication topology, the message bandwidth, and the coordination protocol, so that collective behavior becomes a measurable property of a known device rather than an artifact of per-study engineering. We characterize a single cell by a compact datasheet of measurable parameters, and we ask when replicating and connecting cells improves performance: first we measure how one cell behaves alone, then we replicate it and test when voting, communication, and topology help. Instantiating the framework with small frozen models (1.5 and 3 billion parameters), we report a first round of measurements. Adding cells helps only when their errors are not too correlated. A simple correct/incorrect voting model is a useful but conservative null: real open-ended voting can exceed it, because errors are dispersed across many wrong answers rather than concentrated on one. Popular interactive protocols, namely debate, a shared blackboard, and chain revision, do not beat a matched-cost voting baseline in our setting. Finally, a cell's ability to relay several facts, itself a datasheet quantity, predicts whether a population can solve tasks whose evidence exceeds any single cell's memory. We present these as initial measurements within a broader program on scalable artificial cognition, in which multi-agent architectures appear as the special case of cells autonomous enough to be treated as agents.