# Consistency Is Not Coherence: Orientation Search for Certified Alignments Between 4D Defence Upper Ontologies

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.21914 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.21914/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 5 of its 21 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 22 Aug 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [BERTMap: A BERT-based Ontology Alignment System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.02682/) (2021)
- [LLMs4OM: Matching Ontologies with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.10317/) (2024)
- [A Simple Standard for Sharing Ontological Mappings (SSSOM)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.07051/) (2021)
- [Repairing Ontologies via Axiom Weakening](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.03430/) (2017)
- [Repairing EL Ontologies Using Weakening and Completing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.00486/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We align three upper ontologies that sit under UK and NATO defence data infrastructure: the Information Exchange Standard (IES), the Higher Quality Data Model (HQDM) that underpins the National Digital Twin, and Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). No public alignment between IES and HQDM existed. Promoting a hand-curated 17-correspondence crosswalk to OWL and reasoning over the complete merged ontologies with HermiT produces three results that we believe matter beyond this pair.