# Class-Conditioned Gaussian Mixture Modeling for Imbalanced Time Series Quantification

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.21473 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.21473/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 11 of its 23 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 21 Aug 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 11 of 11)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Informer: Beyond Efficient Transformer for Long Sequence Time-Series Forecasting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.07436/) (2020)
- [A Time Series is Worth 64 Words: Long-term Forecasting with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.14730/) (2022)
- [Temporal Fusion Transformers for Interpretable Multi-horizon Time Series Forecasting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.09363/) (2019)
- [Evaluation Measures for Quantification: An Axiomatic Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.01991/) (2018)
- [A Recurrent Neural Network for Sentiment Quantification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.00836/) (2018)
- [Binary Quantification and Dataset Shift: An Experimental Investigation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.04565/) (2023)
- [Quantification using Permutation-Invariant Networks based on Histograms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.15123/) (2024)
- [MS-SCANet: A Multiscale Transformer-Based Architecture with Dual Attention for No-Reference Image Quality Assessment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.04032/) (2026)
- [Quantification via Gaussian Latent Space Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.13638/) (2025)
- [TransConv-DDPM: Enhanced Diffusion Model for Generating Time-Series Data in Healthcare](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.07033/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Quantification, estimating class prevalences in bags of unlabeled instances is vital in domains where aggregate statistics are more important than individual instance labels, such as biosignal monitoring, fall detection, and activity recognition. We investigate this issue in the challenging setting of imbalanced time series data and develop CC-GMNet-TS, a class-conditioned Gaussian mixture quantifier that combines a Transformer-based feature extractor with per-class latent mixtures. Unlike previous mixture-based quantifiers, which use a single Gaussian mixture shared by all classes, CC-GMNet-TS assigns each class its own compact mixture in a bounded latent space and scores segment embeddings against these class-specific components to create bag-level representations that emphasize rare but informative patterns. Bags are constructed from labeled pools using the Artificial Prevalence Protocol (APP) and prior shift bag sampling (PShift) to cover a wide range of class prevalence scenarios, and the model is trained end-to-end with a quantification-oriented loss. Experiments on three benchmarks: EMG Data for Gestures, SmartFallMM, and UCI-HAR show that CC-GMNet-TS achieves lower error across the three benchmarks compared to traditional aggregators and recent deep quantifiers, while ablations confirm the contributions of both the Transformer backbone and class-conditioned mixtures during PShift.