# Multi-perspective Imbalance-Conscious 6G Beamforming Optimization and Performance

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.12929 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.12929/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 5 of its 16 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 13 Aug 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [A Vision of 6G Wireless Systems: Applications, Trends, Technologies, and Open Research Problems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.10265/) (2019)
- [A Tutorial on Beam Management for 3GPP NR at mmWave Frequencies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.01908/) (2018)
- [5G MIMO Data for Machine Learning: Application to Beam-Selection using Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.05370/) (2021)
- [Twenty-Five Years of Advances in Beamforming: From Convex and Nonconvex Optimization to Learning Techniques](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.02165/) (2022)
- [Towards 6G Internet of Things: Recent Advances, Use Cases, and Open Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.06596/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The study presents a systematic machine learning (ML) study of 6G-IoT beamforming optimization (6GBO) using supervised and unsupervised approaches. We compared the predictive power of network, environmental, device, and vision feature groups for 6GBO. Additionally, it addressed other unsupervised perspectives that can enhance 6GBO, including clustering network scenarios using methods such as K-means, DBSCAN, and hierarchical clustering. Several imbalance-aware experiments revealed that network features possess better prediction power than device, environmental, and vision feature groups, as evidenced by their recall, F1-score and ROC-AUC values. For unsupervised ML exploration (assessed using Elbow, Silhouette score, and Davies-Bouldin Index methods), the results indicate that the deployment environment and type of device primarily influence clustering, rather than mobility-based attributes. Furthermore, the explainability analysis showed that bandwidth, IoT sensors, and mobility possess higher global feature importance across the feature groups. In the future, we would apply deep and reinforcement learning techniques to predict throughput/latency or to optimize rewards determined by performance indicators like SNR enhancement