# Emotion2Skill: Model-Internal Emotion Signals for Adaptive Skill Selection and Evolution

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.09248 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.09248/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Social simulation and multi-agent debate, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 24 of its 30 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 10 Aug 2026.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [Social simulation and multi-agent debate](https://mlsanity.com/agents/social-simulation-and-multi-agent-debate/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 24 of 24)

- [ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.03629/) (2022)
- [Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.03874/) (2021)
- [Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.11366/) (2023)
- [Program Synthesis with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.07732/) (2021)
- [Supervised Contrastive Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.11362/) (2020)
- [Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.01405/) (2023)
- [Inference-Time Intervention: Eliciting Truthful Answers from a Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.03341/) (2023)
- [WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.01206/) (2022)
- [ALFWorld: Aligning Text and Embodied Environments for Interactive Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.03768/) (2020)
- [Steering Llama 2 via Contrastive Activation Addition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.06681/) (2023)
- [Steering Language Models With Activation Engineering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.10248/) (2023)
- [ExpeL: LLM Agents Are Experiential Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.10144/) (2023)
- [Discovering Latent Knowledge in Language Models Without Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.03827/) (2022)
- [GoEmotions: A Dataset of Fine-Grained Emotions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.00547/) (2020)
- [Emergent Linear Representations in World Models of Self-Supervised Sequence Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.00941/) (2023)
- [Trace2Skill: Distill Trajectory-Local Lessons into Transferable Agent Skills](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.25158/) (2026)
- [OPID: On-Policy Skill Distillation for Agentic Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.26790/) (2026)
- [ReSkill: Reconciling Skill Creation with Policy Optimization in Agentic RL](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.01619/) (2026)
- [SkillMaster: Toward Autonomous Skill Mastery in LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.08693/) (2026)
- [AEL: Evolving Agent Harness in Open-Ended Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.21725/) (2026)
- [Skill is Not One-Size-Fits-All: Model-Aware Skill Alignment for LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.30723/) (2026)
- [AlignEvoSkill: Towards Knowledge-Aware and Task-Aligned Agent Skill Evolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.23149/) (2025)
- [MAGE: Multi-Agent Self-Evolution with Co-Evolutionary Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.10064/) (2026)
- [How Emotion Shapes the Behavior of LLMs and Agents: A Mechanistic Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.00005/) (2026)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Rep2Skill: Representation-Guided Skill Self-Evolution for LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.39149/) (2026)
- [What Can Component-Replacement Evidence Establish? A Critical Scoping Review of Local Decisions in LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.39989/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Skill-based LLM agents select reusable procedures from external libraries to solve complex tasks, yet their routing decisions rely primarily on task descriptions, verbal reflections, and experience-derived rules, without explicitly observing the model's internal decision state. Recent interpretability work has identified emotion representations that influence model behavior, but their use has largely focused on post-hoc analysis and output steering. Their potential to guide agent-level decisions remains underexplored. We propose Emotion2Skill, a framework that extracts LLM-internal emotion vectors and incorporates them into both skill selection and skill evolution. The framework uses these representations to inform skill choice and tracks their changes to identify problematic invocations, enabling targeted skill refinement beyond coarse outcome feedback. Across two backbones, Emotion2Skill outperforms seven baselines. On Qwen3-8B, it exceeds Trace2Skill by 3.1 percentage points in WebShop success and 5.7 in ALFWorld average success. Ablations and specificity controls support the utility of context-aligned emotion signals, while co-activation analysis reveals semantically coherent emotion--skill associations. The same emotion vectors also transfer to MATH and MBPP without re-extraction. These results establish LLM-internal emotion representations as an effective decision-level signal for orchestrating agent skill systems, extending their utility beyond interpretability and output steering. Code is available at https://github.com/BoHan-LIN04/Emotion2Skill