# IMMENSE: Inductive Multi-perspective User Classification in Social Networks

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.05259 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.05259/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 21 of its 54 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 5 Aug 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 21 of 21)

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- ["Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.04938/) (2016)
- [Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1301.3781/) (2013)
- [Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1310.4546/) (2013)
- [A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.00596/) (2019)
- [XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.08237/) (2019)
- [node2vec: Scalable Feature Learning for Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.00653/) (2016)
- [Graph Neural Networks: A Review of Methods and Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.08434/) (2018)
- [DeepWalk: Online Learning of Social Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1403.6652/) (2014)
- [Unified Language Model Pre-training for Natural Language Understanding and Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.03197/) (2019)
- [Heterogeneous Graph Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.01332/) (2020)
- [Exploring the Potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Learning on Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.03393/) (2023)
- [Learning to Extrapolate Knowledge: Transductive Few-shot Out-of-Graph Link Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.06648/) (2020)
- [Reinforced Neighborhood Selection Guided Multi-Relational Graph Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.07886/) (2021)
- [Detecting White Supremacist Hate Speech using Domain Specific Word Embedding with Deep Learning and BERT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.00357/) (2020)
- [Retweet communities reveal the main sources of hate speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.14898/) (2021)
- [Adversarially Regularized Graph Attention Networks for Inductive Learning on Partially Labeled Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.03393/) (2021)
- [Lyric document embeddings for music tagging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.11436/) (2021)
- [Classification of vertices on social networks by multiple approaches](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.11288/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Online social networks increasingly expose people to users who propagate discriminatory, hateful, and violent content. Young users, in particular, are vulnerable to exposure to such content, which can have harmful psychological and social repercussions. Given the massive scale of today's social networks, in terms of both published content and number of users, there is an urgent need for effective systems to aid Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in identifying and addressing users that disseminate malicious content. In this work we introduce IMMENSE, a machine learning-based method for detecting malicious social network users. Our approach adopts a hybrid classification strategy that integrates three perspectives: the semantics of the users' published content, their social relationships and their spatial information. Such contextual perspectives potentially enhance classification performance beyond text-only analysis. Importantly, IMMENSE employs an inductive learning approach, enabling it to classify previously unseen users or entire new networks without the need for costly and time-consuming model retraining procedures. Experiments carried out on a real-world Twitter/X dataset showed the superiority of IMMENSE against five state of the art competitors, confirming the benefits of its hybrid approach for effective deployment in social network monitoring systems.