# Developing and Validating the Spanish Version of the Large Language Models Dependency Scale (LLM-D12-SP)

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.22041 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.22041/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 5 of its 48 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 Jul 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [The opportunities and risks of large language models in mental health](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.14814/) (2024)
- [Human Creativity in the Age of LLMs: Randomized Experiments on Divergent and Convergent Thinking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.03703/) (2024)
- [Breaking Barriers or Building Dependency? Exploring Team-LLM Collaboration in AI-infused Classroom Debate](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.09165/) (2025)
- [The Architecture of Cognitive Amplification: Enhanced Cognitive Scaffolding as a Resolution to the Comfort-Growth Paradox in Human-AI Cognitive Integration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.19483/) (2025)
- [Measuring Large Language Models Dependency: Validating the Arabic Version of the LLM-D12 Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.17063/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

There is a growing need for reliable and culturally validated instruments to assess psychological dependency on large language models (LLMs), particularly as LLMs are increasingly used for task execution, decision-making, and communication in organizational and work-related settings. This need is especially relevant for Spanish-speaking populations, where LLM adoption is rapidly expanding, yet validated psychometric tools remain scarce. The present study reports the first validation of the Spanish version of the Large Language Model Dependency Scale (LLM-D12-SP), extending prior validations conducted in English- and Arabic-speaking samples. The LLM-D12 is a two-dimensional instrument assessing Instrumental Dependency (reliance on LLMs for performing tasks and supporting decisions) and Relationship Dependency (psychological reliance on LLMs for companionship and social interaction). A total of 386 Spanish-speaking participants (M = 28.0 years, SD = 6.1; 55% male) completed the LLM-D12-SP. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89 total; 0.86 Instrumental; 0.85 Relationship). Discriminant validity analyses indicated that the two subscales represent related but distinct constructs. External validation showed that both dependency dimensions were positively associated with internet addiction and perceived trustworthiness of LLMs, while showing weak or no association with need for cognition. Together with prior English and Arabic validations, these findings establish cross-linguistic support for the scale's structure and provide a psychometrically sound tool for investigating psychological aspects of LLM use in organizational contexts.