# One Rewrite to Fix Them All? Type-Aware Repair Allocation for Text-to-Image Prompt Optimization

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.18724 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.18724/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 37 of its 42 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 21 Jul 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 37)

- [Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00020/) (2021)
- [Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11239/) (2020)
- [High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.10752/) (2021)
- [Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.10683/) (2019)
- [Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.02502/) (2020)
- [Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.13456/) (2020)
- [Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.05233/) (2021)
- [Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.12598/) (2022)
- [SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.01952/) (2023)
- [Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.03206/) (2024)
- [LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.08402/) (2022)
- [CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08718/) (2021)
- [Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.13586/) (2021)
- [FActScore: Fine-grained Atomic Evaluation of Factual Precision in Long Form Text Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.14251/) (2023)
- [Pick-a-Pic: An Open Dataset of User Preferences for Text-to-Image Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.01569/) (2023)
- [Janus-Pro: Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation with Data and Model Scaling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.17811/) (2025)
- [A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models: Techniques and Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.07927/) (2024)
- [TIFA: Accurate and Interpretable Text-to-Image Faithfulness Evaluation with Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.11897/) (2023)
- [Human Preference Score: Better Aligning Text-to-Image Models with Human Preference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.14420/) (2023)
- [Design Guidelines for Prompt Engineering Text-to-Image Generative Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.06977/) (2021)
- [Optimizing Prompts for Text-to-Image Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.09611/) (2022)
- [Davidsonian Scene Graph: Improving Reliability in Fine-grained Evaluation for Text-to-Image Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.18235/) (2023)
- [What You See is What You Read? Improving Text-Image Alignment Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.10400/) (2023)
- [Improving Text-to-Image Consistency via Automatic Prompt Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.17804/) (2024)
- [Towards Question-Answering as an Automatic Metric for Evaluating the Content Quality of a Summary](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.00490/) (2020)
- [Promptify: Text-to-Image Generation through Interactive Prompt Exploration with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.09337/) (2023)
- [PromptCharm: Text-to-Image Generation through Multi-modal Prompting and Refinement](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.04014/) (2024)
- [PromptMagician: Interactive Prompt Engineering for Text-to-Image Creation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.09036/) (2023)
- [A Taxonomy of Prompt Modifiers for Text-To-Image Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.13988/) (2022)
- [RePrompt: Automatic Prompt Editing to Refine AI-Generative Art Towards Precise Expressions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.09466/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [SEPO: Evidence-Grounded Prompt Optimization via Structural Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.28067/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Text-to-image (T2I) generators often fail to follow their prompts faithfully, producing wrong counts, swapped attributes, ambiguous relations, and illegible text. Prompt optimization repairs such failures by rewriting the user prompt, requiring no generator retraining, and has yielded promising results. However, existing optimizers absorb heterogeneous failures into one uniform prompt expansion, even though each calls for different repair language. We formulate semantic prompt optimization as atomic repair allocation: each failed proposition is routed to a type-conditioned repair operator before the resulting local constraints are compiled into one executable prompt. We instantiate this formulation in the training-free Type-Aware Repair Allocation (TARA) framework, which separates diagnosis, allocation, compilation, and a semantic repair gate, an accept-or-revert controller over exactly one prescribed repair that prevents semantic regressions. Extensive experiments on DSG and TIFA across four frozen generators demonstrate that TARA achieves the best semantic accuracy in all eight benchmark-generator cells, improving over VisualPrompter by 5.6 and 2.6 points on DSG and TIFA, respectively, while maintaining image quality and running fastest in our matched local setting at 16.0 seconds versus 20.0 seconds per prompt.