# Generating in the Limit with Infinitely Many Hallucinations

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.28354 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.28354/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 5 of its 9 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 8 Jun 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [Language Generation in the Limit](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.06757/) (2024)
- [Exploring Facets of Language Generation in the Limit](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.15364/) (2024)
- [Density Measures for Language Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.14370/) (2025)
- [On Characterizations for Language Generation: Interplay of Hallucinations, Breadth, and Stability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.18530/) (2024)
- [Language Generation and Identification From Partial Enumeration: Tight Density Bounds and Topological Characterizations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.05295/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The classic paradigm of language identification in the limit models learning as a game between an adversary, who reveals strings from an unknown target language, and a learner tasked with identifying that language. The recently introduced framework of language generation in the limit shifted the objective to better reflect modern language modeling, requiring the learner to produce valid, unseen strings from the target language. Related work highlighted a fundamental tension: a broad coverage of the target often comes at the cost of validity. We introduce a new notion of precision and recast this problem as the classic recall-precision trade-off. We analyze generation in the limit under varying constraints on enumeration, novelty, and validity, aimed at reflecting settings closer to those encountered by large language models. A key contribution is our analysis of learners that are not eventually valid: we allow infinitely many mistakes, provided their frequency tends to zero so that precision remains one. We show that this relaxation can strictly increase recall when the adversary permanently withholds a large portion of the target language. We also study a continuous relaxation of the novelty constraint that requires only a fixed fraction of outputs to be novel. Taken together, our results move toward a more realistic model of language generation where occasional errors and repetitions are unavoidable, but their rates are controlled.