# Adaptive Turn-Taking for Real-time Multi-Party Voice Agents

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.13544 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.13544/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 32 of its 41 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 11 Jun 2026.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks](https://mlsanity.com/agents/general-llm-agent-frameworks-and-benchmarks/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 32)

- [LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.09685/) (2021)
- [Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.11903/) (2022)
- [Qwen3 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.09388/) (2025)
- [Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.05685/) (2023)
- [Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.06670/) (2019)
- [Qwen2.5-Omni Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.20215/) (2025)
- [MELD: A Multimodal Multi-Party Dataset for Emotion Recognition in Conversations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.02508/) (2018)
- [Moshi: a speech-text foundation model for real-time dialogue](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.00037/) (2024)
- [VoxPopuli: A Large-Scale Multilingual Speech Corpus for Representation Learning, Semi-Supervised Learning and Interpretation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.00390/) (2021)
- [Kimi-Audio Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.18425/) (2025)
- [From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.18231/) (2024)
- [Mini-Omni: Language Models Can Hear, Talk While Thinking in Streaming](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.16725/) (2024)
- [RoleLLM: Benchmarking, Eliciting, and Enhancing Role-Playing Abilities of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.00746/) (2023)
- [The Design and Implementation of XiaoIce, an Empathetic Social Chatbot](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.08989/) (2018)
- [Freeze-Omni: A Smart and Low Latency Speech-to-speech Dialogue Model with Frozen LLM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.00774/) (2024)
- [The People's Speech: A Large-Scale Diverse English Speech Recognition Dataset for Commercial Usage](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.09344/) (2021)
- [MinMo: A Multimodal Large Language Model for Seamless Voice Interaction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.06282/) (2025)
- [Language Model Can Listen While Speaking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.02622/) (2024)
- [OmniFlatten: An End-to-end GPT Model for Seamless Voice Conversation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.17799/) (2024)
- [Full-Duplex-Bench v1.5: Evaluating Overlap Handling for Full-Duplex Speech Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.23159/) (2025)
- [Talking Turns: Benchmarking Audio Foundation Models on Turn-Taking Dynamics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.01174/) (2025)
- [The Amazon Nova Family of Models: Technical Report and Model Card](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.12103/) (2025)
- [Character is Destiny: Can Role-Playing Language Agents Make Persona-Driven Decisions?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.12138/) (2024)
- [SALMONN-omni: A Codec-free LLM for Full-duplex Speech Understanding and Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.18138/) (2024)
- [Streaming Sequence-to-Sequence Learning with Delayed Streams Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.08753/) (2025)
- [NOTSOFAR-1 Challenge: New Datasets, Baseline, and Tasks for Distant Meeting Transcription](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.08887/) (2024)
- [Capturing Minds, Not Just Words: Enhancing Role-Playing Language Models with Personality-Indicative Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.18921/) (2024)
- [Variable Attention Masking for Configurable Transformer Transducer Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.01438/) (2022)
- [SIFT-50M: A Large-Scale Multilingual Dataset for Speech Instruction Fine-Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.09081/) (2025)
- [Efficient Streaming LLM for Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.03752/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Decoupling Turn-Taking from Semantics: A Decoupled Data Approach for Finite-State-Machine-Based Full-Duplex Dialogue](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.03321/) (2026)
- [Jarvis: A Proactive Speech Agent for Multi-Party Conversations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.07506/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Turn-taking in multi-party spoken conversations remains a fundamental challenge for voice-based agents, particularly under dynamic floor competition and varying user expectations. We propose ModeratorLM, a role-playing voice agent that conditions turn-taking behavior on an explicitly assigned role in multi-party settings. The system is built on a speech large language model operating in chunk-wise streaming manner. We further introduce a reasoning-augmented variant that incorporates chain-of-thought reasoning over conversational context and the assigned role. We construct RolePlayConv, a large-scale synthetic dataset of spoken multi-party conversations with diverse assistant roles. Experiments on real-world meeting data and RolePlayConv show improved turn-taking precision by over 40% and recall by more than 70%, while substantially reducing false-positive interruptions compared to non-role-conditioned baselines.