# FAF-CD: Frequency-Aware Fusion for Change Detection under Imperfect Multimodal Remote Sensing

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.03114 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.03114/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 20 of its 33 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 2 Jun 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 20 of 20)

- [An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11929/) (2020)
- [Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.00752/) (2023)
- [A ConvNet for the 2020s](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.03545/) (2022)
- [Deformable DETR: Deformable Transformers for End-to-End Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.04159/) (2020)
- [FDA: Fourier Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.05498/) (2020)
- [Remote Sensing Image Change Detection with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00208/) (2021)
- [A Transformer-Based Siamese Network for Change Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.01293/) (2022)
- [ChangeMamba: Remote Sensing Change Detection With Spatiotemporal State Space Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.03425/) (2024)
- [RSMamba: Remote Sensing Image Classification with State Space Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.19654/) (2024)
- [Building Change Detection for Remote Sensing Images Using a Dual Task Constrained Deep Siamese Convolutional Network Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.07726/) (2019)
- [Wave-ViT: Unifying Wavelet and Transformers for Visual Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.04978/) (2022)
- [CDMamba: Incorporating Local Clues into Mamba for Remote Sensing Image Binary Change Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.04207/) (2024)
- [BRIGHT: A globally distributed multimodal building damage assessment dataset with very-high-resolution for all-weather disaster response](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.06019/) (2025)
- [Efficient Multi-scale Network with Learnable Discrete Wavelet Transform for Blind Motion Deblurring](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.00027/) (2023)
- [DDPM-CD: Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models as Feature Extractors for Change Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.11892/) (2022)
- [A Mamba-based Siamese Network for Remote Sensing Change Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.06839/) (2024)
- [NeXt2Former-CD: Efficient Remote Sensing Change Detection with Modern Vision Architectures](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.18717/) (2026)
- [3D-SSM: A Novel 3D Selective Scan Module for Remote Sensing Change Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.19263/) (2025)
- [Wavelet-Guided Dual-Frequency Encoding for Remote Sensing Change Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.05271/) (2025)
- [ChessMamba: Structure-Aware Interleaving of State Spaces for Change Detection in Remote Sensing Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.19882/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Remote sensing change detection for real-world monitoring often relies on imperfect heterogeneous observations, where pre- and post-event images may be asynchronous, cross-sensor, or affected by illumination, seasonal, and modality shifts. This setting is especially challenging for EO-SAR disaster mapping, where nuisance variation can resemble structural damage. We propose FAF-CD, a frequency-aware hybrid framework with a DINOv3-pretrained ConvNeXt encoder and a linear-complexity VMamba-based decoder. Its rectification-aware tri-branch fusion module combines deformable spatial alignment with Fourier and Haar-wavelet comparisons, using adaptive gating to aggregate complementary cues across scales. On BRIGHT validation, a matched heterogeneous EO-SAR adaptation improves clean and perturbed tc-mIoU/tc-mAP over NeXt2Former-CD. FAF-CD also generalizes to binary optical CD, achieving 0.924 cF1 on LEVIR-CD and 0.955 cF1 on WHU-CD, and obtains the best average perturbed cIoU/cF1 on both binary datasets among M-CD and NeXt2Former-CD under pseudo-change-aligned stress tests. It further reduces cost by approximately 24 GFLOPs relative to NeXt2Former-CD while maintaining or improving accuracy.