# Can Aerial VLA Models Cooperate? Evaluating Closed-Loop Air-Ground Coordination with CARLA-Air

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.31066 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.31066/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 29 May 2026.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [CosFly-VLA: A Spatially Aware Vision-Language-Action Model for UAV Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.15004/) (2026)
- [Air-Ground Collaborative Vision-and-Language Navigation via Shared Bird's-Eye Maps](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.03483/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Recent aerial vision-language-action (VLA) models show promising single-UAV capabilities, such as tracking moving objects and navigating to language-specified landmarks. However, it remains unclear whether these capabilities can transfer to air-ground cooperation, where a UAV and a UGV must act jointly in a shared, closed-loop physical world. We study this question with CARLA-Air, a single-process air-ground evaluation environment that unifies CARLA and AirSim inside one Unreal Engine runtime. By sharing the same world state, physics tick, and sensing pipeline, CARLA-Air enables physically consistent UAV--UGV interaction and precise measurement of simulation-timestamp alignment and effective coordination latency. Using CARLA-Air, we evaluate representative aerial VLA and planning baselines on two complementary diagnostic tasks: moving-platform landing and occlusion-recovery escort. The results show that current aerial VLA models can often track or follow a ground partner, but struggle to convert this single-agent competence into stable cooperative behavior. State prompting provides limited benefit, and naive bidirectional interaction fails to consistently improve performance and can amplify errors for most baselines. These findings suggest that, under the tested text-based cue interfaces, zero-shot cooperative air-ground VLA requires three components beyond the current paradigm: explicit partner-state grounding, low-latency action coordination, and team-level objective alignment. Our code is available at https://github.com/louiszengCN/CarlaAir.