# ExpGraph: Model-Agnostic Experience Learning with Graph-Structured Memory for LLM Agents

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30712 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.30712/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Agent memory systems, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 32 of its 65 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 29 May 2026.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [Agent memory systems](https://mlsanity.com/agents/agent-memory-systems/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 32)

- [Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.06347/) (2017)
- [The Llama 3 Herd of Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.21783/) (2024)
- [DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.03300/) (2024)
- [Qwen3 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.09388/) (2025)
- [ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.03629/) (2022)
- [Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.03374/) (2021)
- [DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.12948/) (2025)
- [Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.05457/) (2018)
- [Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.05101/) (2017)
- [Understanding R1-Zero-Like Training: A Critical Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.20783/) (2025)
- [ALFWorld: Aligning Text and Embodied Environments for Interactive Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.03768/) (2020)
- [Group Sequence Policy Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.18071/) (2025)
- [DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.19437/) (2024)
- [Mem0: Building Production-Ready AI Agents with Scalable Long-Term Memory](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.19413/) (2025)
- [BrowseComp: A Simple Yet Challenging Benchmark for Browsing Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.12516/) (2025)
- [Self-Play Fine-Tuning Converts Weak Language Models to Strong Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.01335/) (2024)
- [The Entropy Mechanism of Reinforcement Learning for Reasoning Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.22617/) (2025)
- [Self-Distilled Reasoner: On-Policy Self-Distillation for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.18734/) (2026)
- [Search-o1: Agentic Search-Enhanced Large Reasoning Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.05366/) (2025)
- [Training Language Models to Self-Correct via Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.12917/) (2024)
- [Larger language models do in-context learning differently](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.03846/) (2023)
- [Agent Workflow Memory](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.07429/) (2024)
- [TextGrad: Automatic "Differentiation" via Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.07496/) (2024)
- [On-Policy Context Distillation for Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.12275/) (2026)
- [MemRL: Self-Evolving Agents via Runtime Reinforcement Learning on Episodic Memory](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.03192/) (2026)
- [WebCanvas: Benchmarking Web Agents in Online Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.12373/) (2024)
- [Process Reward Models That Think](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.16828/) (2025)
- [Let's reward step by step: Step-Level reward model as the Navigators for Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.10080/) (2023)
- [ChemAgent: Self-updating Library in Large Language Models Improves Chemical Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.06590/) (2025)
- [The Personality Illusion: Revealing Dissociation Between Self-Reports & Behavior in LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.03730/) (2025)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Recursive Self-Improvement in AI: From Bounded Self-Refinement to Autonomous Research Loops](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.07663/) (2026)
- [Who Maintains Agent Skills? A Longitudinal Study of Human-Governed, AI-Assisted Skill Maintenance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.05677/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly operate within a harness, the scaffolding that determines what enters the executor's context, yet the experience they accumulate across tasks rarely flows back into this harness. Existing approaches include executor fine-tuning and external memory retrieval, but combining task-adaptive retrieval with experience reuse across frozen executors remains challenging. To this end, we introduce ExpHarness, a learnable experience harness that improves frozen and replaceable LLM executors without modifying their parameters. Specifically, ExpHarness distills trajectories into reusable skills and failure lessons within a self-evolving experience graph, and trains a lightweight retrieval copilot that decides, per task, how broadly to explore the graph and how strongly to favor historically useful experiences over merely similar ones. The copilot is optimized with reinforcement learning from a utility-grounded reward combining the with/without-experience score difference and an absolute-performance term; the same reward updates the graph during training. Extensive experiments on ExpSuite, spanning 10 static benchmarks and 2 agentic environments, show that ExpHarness improves over the strongest baseline by 12.1% and 4.5% on static tasks and by 21.4% and 12.7% on agentic tasks with the smaller and larger executors, respectively, while reducing interaction steps by up to 21.6%. Transfer experiments further examine reuse of the learned harness across executors of different scales and reasoning capabilities, with joint graph and copilot transfer performing closest to target-specific training among the evaluated transfer variants.