# SafeMed-R1: Clinician-Audited Safety and Ethics Alignment for Medical Large Language Models

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.28338 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.28338/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 7 of its 24 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 27 May 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.10683/) (2019)
- [Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.12712/) (2023)
- [What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Exams](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.13081/) (2020)
- [Garbage In, Garbage Out? Do Machine Learning Application Papers in Social Computing Report Where Human-Labeled Training Data Comes From?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.08320/) (2019)
- [Defense against Prompt Injection Attacks via Mixture of Encodings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.07467/) (2025)
- [Large Language Model Capabilities in Perioperative Risk Prediction and Prognostication](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.01620/) (2024)
- [PediaBench: A Comprehensive Chinese Pediatric Dataset for Benchmarking Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.06287/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models(LLMs) increasingly match expert performance on licensing examinations, yet routine clinical use remains limited because governance requires auditable reasoning, safety and ethics alignment, and resilience to adversarial misuse. Here we present SafeMed-R1, trained with a traceable Clinical Trust Signals(CTS) pipeline that links each reasoning instance to clinician rubric scores and edit histories, and aligned through safety and ethics supervision and red team stress testing. SafeMed-R1 attains a macro-averaged accuracy of 79.6% across clinical benchmarks. Under adversarial safety testing, it shows the lowest aggregated risk and reduces unsafe outputs by about 3 to 5% relative to its baseline. In a paired expert study of 30 medication safety vignettes, SafeMed-R1 matches PGY1 and PGY2 residents on medical correctness and scores higher for medication safety, guideline consistency, and clinical usefulness. Collectively, these results suggest that clinician-audited supervision provenance, together with domain-tailored safety and ethics alignment, can strengthen governance-relevant evidence without relying on inference-time retrieval or citation grounding.