# Depth Peeling for High-Fidelity Gaussian-Enhanced Surfel Rendering

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.25345 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.25345/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 28 of its 41 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 25 May 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 28 of 28)

- [3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.04079/) (2023)
- [Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fields](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.12077/) (2021)
- [2D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fields](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.17888/) (2024)
- [Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.16493/) (2023)
- [A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.03890/) (2024)
- [NeRF: Neural Radiance Field in 3D Vision: A Comprehensive Review (Updated Post-Gaussian Splatting)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.00379/) (2022)
- [3D Gaussian Ray Tracing: Fast Tracing of Particle Scenes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.07090/) (2024)
- [Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.11134/) (2024)
- [StopThePop: Sorted Gaussian Splatting for View-Consistent Real-time Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.00525/) (2024)
- [GES: Generalized Exponential Splatting for Efficient Radiance Field Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.10128/) (2024)
- [Spec-Gaussian: Anisotropic View-Dependent Appearance for 3D Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.15870/) (2024)
- [3D Convex Splatting: Radiance Field Rendering with 3D Smooth Convexes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.14974/) (2024)
- [EVER: Exact Volumetric Ellipsoid Rendering for Real-time View Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.01804/) (2024)
- [Textured Gaussians for Enhanced 3D Scene Appearance Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.18625/) (2024)
- [Deformable Beta Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.18630/) (2025)
- [Efficient Perspective-Correct 3D Gaussian Splatting Using Hybrid Transparency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.08129/) (2024)
- [Sort-free Gaussian Splatting via Weighted Sum Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.18931/) (2024)
- [BillBoard Splatting (BBSplat): Learnable Textured Primitives for Novel View Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.08508/) (2024)
- [Beyond Gaussians: Fast and High-Fidelity 3D Splatting with Linear Kernels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.12440/) (2024)
- [StochasticSplats: Stochastic Rasterization for Sorting-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.24366/) (2025)
- [Deformable Radial Kernel Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.11752/) (2024)
- [HDGS: Textured 2D Gaussian Splatting for Enhanced Scene Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.01823/) (2024)
- [3D Student Splatting and Scooping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.10148/) (2025)
- [When Gaussian Meets Surfel: Ultra-fast High-fidelity Radiance Field Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.17545/) (2025)
- [Neural Shell Texture Splatting: More Details and Fewer Primitives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.20200/) (2025)
- [SolidGS: Consolidating Gaussian Surfel Splatting for Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.15400/) (2024)
- [Gaussian-Plus-SDF SLAM: High-fidelity 3D Reconstruction at 150+ fps](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.11574/) (2025)
- [Duplex-GS: Proxy-Guided Weighted Blending for Real-Time Order-Independent Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.03180/) (2025)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Ultra-fast Neural Inference for Stochastic Gaussian Splatting Denoising](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.25604/) (2026)
- [Gaussian Stippling: Efficient Sorting-Free 3D Gaussian Rendering through Hybrid Sampling and Spatiotemporal Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.38488/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Novel view synthesis has been significantly advanced by NeRFs and 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS), which require ordering volumetric samples or primitives for correct color blending. While the recent Gaussian-Enhanced Surfels (GES) enable high-performance, sort-free rendering, they suffer from aliasing artifacts and suboptimal reconstruction. To address these limitations, we propose DP-GES, a novel representation that augments opaque surfels with semi-transparent boundaries and leverages Depth Peeling to establish accurate per-pixel ordering. This design enables sort-free Gaussian splatting with correct transmittance modulation, effectively eliminating aliasing and popping artifacts while facilitating a fully differentiable joint optimization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves superior reconstruction quality and compares favorably against state-of-the-art techniques across a wide range of scenes.