# Physen-Noise2Noise: Physics-Guided Self-Supervised Defocus Deblurring with Bias Correction under Low-Light Conditions

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24590 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.24590/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 30 of its 70 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 23 May 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 30)

- [Dropout as a Bayesian Approximation: Representing Model Uncertainty in Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.02142/) (2015)
- [SwinIR: Image Restoration Using Swin Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.10257/) (2021)
- [Beyond a Gaussian Denoiser: Residual Learning of Deep CNN for Image Denoising](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1608.03981/) (2016)
- [Deep Image Prior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.10925/) (2017)
- [Noise2Noise: Learning Image Restoration without Clean Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.04189/) (2018)
- [Plug-and-Play Image Restoration with Deep Denoiser Prior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.13751/) (2020)
- [Noise2Void - Learning Denoising from Single Noisy Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.10980/) (2018)
- [Denoising Diffusion Models for Plug-and-Play Image Restoration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.08995/) (2023)
- [Neighbor2Neighbor: Self-Supervised Denoising from Single Noisy Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.02824/) (2021)
- [High-Quality Self-Supervised Deep Image Denoising](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.10277/) (2019)
- [Deep Learning on Image Denoising: An overview](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.13171/) (2019)
- [Neural Blind Deconvolution Using Deep Priors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.02197/) (2019)
- [AP-BSN: Self-Supervised Denoising for Real-World Images via Asymmetric PD and Blind-Spot Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.11799/) (2022)
- [Image Denoising: The Deep Learning Revolution and Beyond -- A Survey Paper --](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.03362/) (2023)
- [Masked Image Training for Generalizable Deep Image Denoising](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.13132/) (2023)
- [High-level numerical simulations of noise in CCD and CMOS photosensors: review and tutorial](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.4031/) (2014)
- [Learning Deep Gradient Descent Optimization for Image Deconvolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.03368/) (2018)
- [A Review of an Old Dilemma: Demosaicking First, or Denoising First?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.11577/) (2020)
- [Uncertainty-Aware Unsupervised Image Deblurring with Deep Residual Prior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.05361/) (2022)
- [Generalized Recorrupted-to-Recorrupted: Self-Supervised Learning Beyond Gaussian Noise](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.04648/) (2024)
- [CycleGAN with a Blur Kernel for Deconvolution Microscopy: Optimal Transport Geometry](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.09414/) (2019)
- [Normalization-Equivariant Neural Networks with Application to Image Denoising](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.05037/) (2023)
- [Photon Limited Non-Blind Deblurring Using Algorithm Unrolling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.15314/) (2021)
- [Convolutional Deblurring for Natural Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.10725/) (2018)
- [INFWIDE: Image and Feature Space Wiener Deconvolution Network for Non-blind Image Deblurring in Low-Light Conditions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.08201/) (2022)
- [A Deep Learning Method for Simultaneous Denoising and Missing Wedge Reconstruction in Cryogenic Electron Tomography](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.05539/) (2023)
- [Image Deconvolution with Deep Image and Kernel Priors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.08386/) (2019)
- [Image Deconvolution via Noise-Tolerant Self-Supervised Inversion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.06156/) (2020)
- [Wiener Guided DIP for Unsupervised Blind Image Deconvolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.10271/) (2021)
- [NBD-GAP: Non-Blind Image Deblurring Without Clean Target Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.09498/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Low-light, long-exposure defocus deblurring remains a challenging problem due to the simultaneous presence of severe blur and complex biased noise. Existing methods typically rely on simplified noise assumptions, which limits their effectiveness under realistic imaging conditions. In this work, we propose Physen-Noise2Noise, a self-supervised deblurring framework guided by the physical model of defocus imaging, which leverages noisy multi-frame observations without requiring clean reference images. Unlike conventional Noise2Noise-based approaches that assume zero-mean noise, we derive a frequency-domain constraint inherent to the defocus imaging process and incorporate it into the learning framework via a learnable noise bias parameter. In addition, a multi-frame noisy initialization strategy is introduced to suppress complex biased noise prior to deblurring, providing a more stable starting point for reconstruction. This formulation explicitly models biased noise and enables joint bias correction and high-frequency detail recovery during training. Furthermore, we develop a pretrain-finetune variant to enhance robustness and generalization under challenging noise conditions. Extensive experiments on both simulation and real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art self-supervised approaches for defocus deblurring in the presence of complex biased noise.