# A2QTGN: Adaptive Amplitude Quantum-Integrated Temporal Graph Network for Dynamic Link Prediction

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.21916 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.21916/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 24 of its 35 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 21 May 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 24 of 24)

- [A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.00596/) (2019)
- [Complex Embeddings for Simple Link Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.06357/) (2016)
- [RotatE: Knowledge Graph Embedding by Relational Rotation in Complex Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.10197/) (2019)
- [Supervised learning with quantum enhanced feature spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.11326/) (2018)
- [Temporal Graph Networks for Deep Learning on Dynamic Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.10637/) (2020)
- [Inductive Representation Learning on Temporal Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.07962/) (2020)
- [Predicting Dynamic Embedding Trajectory in Temporal Interaction Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.01207/) (2019)
- [Representation Learning for Dynamic Graphs: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.11485/) (2019)
- [Inductive Relation Prediction by Subgraph Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.06962/) (2019)
- [Inductive Representation Learning in Temporal Networks via Causal Anonymous Walks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.05974/) (2021)
- [Towards Better Dynamic Graph Learning: New Architecture and Unified Library](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.13047/) (2023)
- [Do We Really Need Complicated Model Architectures For Temporal Networks?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.11636/) (2023)
- [Foundations and modelling of dynamic networks using Dynamic Graph Neural Networks: A survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.07496/) (2020)
- [Towards Better Evaluation for Dynamic Link Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.10128/) (2022)
- [Provably expressive temporal graph networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.15059/) (2022)
- [Neighborhood-aware Scalable Temporal Network Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.01084/) (2022)
- [TGB 2.0: A Benchmark for Learning on Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Heterogeneous Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.09639/) (2024)
- [Stacking Models for Nearly Optimal Link Prediction in Complex Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.07578/) (2019)
- [Financial Fraud Detection using Quantum Graph Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.01127/) (2023)
- [Quantum Link Prediction in Complex Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.04768/) (2021)
- [Evaluating Angle and Amplitude Encoding Strategies for Variational Quantum Machine Learning: their impact on model's accuracy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.00768/) (2025)
- [MiNT: Multi-Network Training for Transfer Learning on Temporal Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.10426/) (2024)
- [Improving link prediction accuracy of network embedding algorithms via rich node attribute information](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.04282/) (2024)
- [How Embeddings Shape Graph Neural Networks: Classical vs Quantum-Oriented Node Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.15273/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Dynamic link prediction is important for modeling evolving interactions in social, communication, financial, and transportation networks. Classical temporal graph models capture changes over time, but they may struggle to represent rapidly evolving node-edge interactions in large dynamic graphs. We propose A2QTGN (Adaptive Amplitude Quantum-Integrated Temporal Graph Network), a hybrid quantum-classical framework that introduces adaptive amplitude encoding as a temporal embedding layer within a Temporal Graph Network. Unlike fixed quantum embeddings, the proposed module maps temporally varying node features into quantum states and selectively refreshes their amplitude representations according to the magnitude of feature change. This allows the framework to preserve stable node information, emphasize meaningful temporal variations, and reduce redundant quantum re-encoding. Across five Temporal Graph Benchmark datasets, A2QTGN achieves test area under the curve (AUC) values of up to 0.9957 and mean reciprocal rank (MRR) values of up to 0.7832, including the highest MRR among the compared baselines on tgbl-review and tgbl-flight. Ablation results further show that the adaptive quantum embedding is central to the model performance: on a 25k-event subset of tgbl-wiki, it improves test accuracy by 13.36 percentage points over always updating and by 22.44 percentage points over using no updates. The trained model is also evaluated using noisy simulations based on an IBM quantum device, followed by a smaller real-device experiment. The results show that adaptive quantum embeddings can provide effective temporal representations for dynamic link prediction while remaining executable under current quantum hardware constraints.