# TVRN: Invertible Neural Networks for Compression-Aware Temporal Video Rescaling

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.15579 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.15579/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 50 of its 90 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 15 May 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 50)

- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metric](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.03924/) (2018)
- [Densely Connected Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1608.06993/) (2016)
- [Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1502.01852/) (2015)
- [RAFT: Recurrent All-Pairs Field Transforms for Optical Flow](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.12039/) (2020)
- [Video Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.03458/) (2022)
- [Estimating or Propagating Gradients Through Stochastic Neurons for Conditional Computation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1308.3432/) (2013)
- [Density estimation using Real NVP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.08803/) (2016)
- [Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.03039/) (2018)
- [NICE: Non-linear Independent Components Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1410.8516/) (2014)
- [PWC-Net: CNNs for Optical Flow Using Pyramid, Warping, and Cost Volume](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.02371/) (2017)
- [Video Enhancement with Task-Oriented Flow](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.09078/) (2017)
- [Super SloMo: High Quality Estimation of Multiple Intermediate Frames for Video Interpolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.00080/) (2017)
- [Softmax Splatting for Video Frame Interpolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.05534/) (2020)
- [Learning Blind Video Temporal Consistency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1808.00449/) (2018)
- [Real-Time Intermediate Flow Estimation for Video Frame Interpolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.06294/) (2020)
- [Video Frame Synthesis using Deep Voxel Flow](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1702.02463/) (2017)
- [Context-aware Synthesis for Video Frame Interpolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.10967/) (2018)
- [AdaCoF: Adaptive Collaboration of Flows for Video Frame Interpolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.10244/) (2019)
- [XVFI: eXtreme Video Frame Interpolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.16206/) (2021)
- [Video Frame Interpolation Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.13817/) (2021)
- [BMBC:Bilateral Motion Estimation with Bilateral Cost Volume for Video Interpolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.12622/) (2020)
- [EditGuard: Versatile Image Watermarking for Tamper Localization and Copyright Protection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.08883/) (2023)
- [IFRNet: Intermediate Feature Refine Network for Efficient Frame Interpolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.14620/) (2022)
- [Asymmetric Bilateral Motion Estimation for Video Frame Interpolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.06815/) (2021)
- [Extracting Motion and Appearance via Inter-Frame Attention for Efficient Video Frame Interpolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.00440/) (2023)
- [Invertible Image Rescaling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.05650/) (2020)
- [Hierarchical Conditional Flow: A Unified Framework for Image Super-Resolution and Image Rescaling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.05301/) (2021)
- [Invertible Denoising Network: A Light Solution for Real Noise Removal](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.10546/) (2021)
- [DenseNet: Implementing Efficient ConvNet Descriptor Pyramids](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1404.1869/) (2014)

## Abstract (arXiv)

To fit diverse display and bandwidth constraints, high-frame-rate videos are temporally downscaled to low-frame-rate (LFR) and later upscaled, requiring joint optimization for effective frame-rate rescaling. However, existing methods typically link the two operations via training objectives, without fully exploiting their reciprocal nature, which may cause high-frequency information loss. Moreover, they overlook the impact of lossy codecs on LFR videos, limiting real-world applicability. In this work, we propose an end-to-end framework for compression-aware frame-rate rescaling, named TVRN. To regularize high-frequency information lost during frame-rate downscaling, TVRN adopts an invertible architecture that combines a Multi-Input Multi-Output Temporal Wavelet Transform with a high-frequency reconstruction module. To enable end-to-end training through non-differentiable lossy codecs, we design a surrogate network that approximates their gradients. Finally, to improve robustness under various compression levels, we extend TVRN to an asymmetric architecture by incorporating compression-aware features learned via a learning-to-rank strategy. Extensive experiments show that TVRN outperforms existing methods in reconstruction quality under industrial video compression settings. Source code is publicly available at https://github.com/fengxinmin/TVRN_public.