# Multi-Agent Systems in Emergency Departments: Validation Study on a ED Digital Twin

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.13345 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.13345/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 1 of its 38 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 13 May 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Development of a Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Clinical Decision Support System for Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS)-Based Triage and Treatment Planning in Emergency Departments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.07531/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [PrivMeSA: Privacy-Aware Self-Evolving Multi-Agent System for Medicine via Local-Remote LLM Collaboration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.38458/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Emergency departments (ED) face challenges in patient care and resource management. We propose to explore optimization strategies in a realistic and flexible model and develop a hybrid Discrete Event Simulation (DES) and Agent-Based Model (ABM) simulating highly configurable ED environments. We specifically focus on the validation of the modeling approach. We derive configurations for ED sizes, patient load, and staffing from real-world studies. We then validate the model expressivity by matching its key performance indicators and metrics with their values known from literature. We proceed by implementing scientifically established and practice-proven resource optimization strategies. Comparing the documented real-world outcomes with our model's results demonstrates that the DES-ABM based simulation can effectively replicate real-world ER dynamics under interventions. We lastly integrate a Proof-of-Concept multi-agent system (MAS) that can autonomously explore resource allocation strategies within the simulated ER environment based on a temporal ledger of ED event records. This modular DES-ABM-MAS framework offers a powerful tool to explore resource optimization strategies in emergency departments.