# LDDR: Linear-DPP-Based Dynamic-Resolution Frame Sampling for Video MLLMs

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.11477 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.11477/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Video understanding with MLLMs, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models.
- Builds on 39 of its 44 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 12 May 2026.

## Placed in

- Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models / [Video understanding with MLLMs](https://mlsanity.com/mllm/video-understanding-with-mllms/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 39)

- [Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00020/) (2021)
- [Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.15343/) (2023)
- [Qwen3-VL Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.21631/) (2025)
- [InternVL3.5: Advancing Open-Source Multimodal Models in Versatility, Reasoning, and Efficiency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.18265/) (2025)
- [Video-MME: The First-Ever Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark of Multi-modal LLMs in Video Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.21075/) (2024)
- [LongVideoBench: A Benchmark for Long-context Interleaved Video-Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.15754/) (2024)
- [LLaMA-VID: An Image is Worth 2 Tokens in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.17043/) (2023)
- [MovieChat: From Dense Token to Sparse Memory for Long Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.16449/) (2023)
- [LVBench: An Extreme Long Video Understanding Benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.08035/) (2024)
- [Chat-UniVi: Unified Visual Representation Empowers Large Language Models with Image and Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.08046/) (2023)
- [LMMs-Eval: Reality Check on the Evaluation of Large Multimodal Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.12772/) (2024)
- [VideoAgent: Long-form Video Understanding with Large Language Model as Agent](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.10517/) (2024)
- [Long-CLIP: Unlocking the Long-Text Capability of CLIP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.15378/) (2024)
- [MLVU: Benchmarking Multi-task Long Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.04264/) (2024)
- [VideoTree: Adaptive Tree-based Video Representation for LLM Reasoning on Long Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.19209/) (2024)
- [LLaVA-OneVision-1.5: Fully Open Framework for Democratized Multimodal Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.23661/) (2025)
- [Self-Chained Image-Language Model for Video Localization and Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.06988/) (2023)
- [Adaptive Keyframe Sampling for Long Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.21271/) (2025)
- [Video-RAG: Visually-aligned Retrieval-Augmented Long Video Comprehension](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.13093/) (2024)
- [Beyond Attention or Similarity: Maximizing Conditional Diversity for Token Pruning in MLLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.10967/) (2025)
- [M-LLM Based Video Frame Selection for Efficient Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.19680/) (2025)
- [Frame-Voyager: Learning to Query Frames for Video Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.03226/) (2024)
- [Q-Frame: Query-aware Frame Selection and Multi-Resolution Adaptation for Video-LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.22139/) (2025)
- [HoliTom: Holistic Token Merging for Fast Video Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.21334/) (2025)
- [VCA: Video Curious Agent for Long Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.10471/) (2024)
- [KeyVideoLLM: Towards Large-scale Video Keyframe Selection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.03104/) (2024)
- [MDP3: A Training-free Approach for List-wise Frame Selection in Video-LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.02885/) (2025)
- [Fair and Diverse DPP-based Data Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.04023/) (2018)
- [FOCUS: Efficient Keyframe Selection for Long Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.27280/) (2025)
- [TSPO: Temporal Sampling Policy Optimization for Long-form Video Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.04369/) (2025)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Select, Compress, Reinvest: A Controlled Study of Visual-Token Allocation in Long-Video MLLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.03820/) (2026)
- [Why Is Video Still So Expensive? A Survey of Inference-Efficiency Mechanisms in Video and Audiovisual LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.10355/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Video understanding in multimodal large language models requires selecting informative frames from long, redundant videos under limited visual-token budgets. Existing methods often rely on uniform sampling, point-wise relevance scoring, chunk-wise selection, or agentic exploration, which either miss global dependencies or introduce substantial overhead. We propose LDDR (Linear DPP-Based Dynamic Resolution), a training-free, plug-and-play, and budget-aware video frame sampling framework. LDDR performs query-aware Determinantal Point Process (DPP) frame selection in a task-conditioned feature space, achieving a 3x runtime speedup over standard DPP baselines. It further introduces a Group DPP importance metric to guide frame retention and dynamic resolution allocation, assigning more tokens to informative, non-redundant frames while downscaling or pruning less useful ones. Across four video benchmarks spanning short-, medium-, and long-range videos, LDDR consistently outperforms the next-best baselines, achieving gains of 2.5 points under budget-constrained settings and 1.6 points in high-budget scenarios. These improvements are consistently observed across multiple MLLM backbones, including both open- and closed-source models. Qualitative analysis confirms that relevant frames are selected and allocated a higher budget, facilitating improved video understanding.