# BadmintonGRF: A Multimodal Dataset and Benchmark for Markerless Ground Reaction Force Estimation in Badminton

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.01876 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.01876/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 12 of its 42 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 3 May 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1405.0312/) (2014)
- [A Time Series is Worth 64 Words: Long-term Forecasting with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.14730/) (2022)
- [An Empirical Evaluation of Generic Convolutional and Recurrent Networks for Sequence Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.01271/) (2018)
- [Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fields](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.08050/) (2016)
- [MS-TCN: Multi-Stage Temporal Convolutional Network for Action Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.01945/) (2019)
- [BlazePose: On-device Real-time Body Pose tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.10204/) (2020)
- [ShuttleSet: A Human-Annotated Stroke-Level Singles Dataset for Badminton Tactical Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.04948/) (2023)
- [AddBiomechanics Dataset: Capturing the Physics of Human Motion at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.18537/) (2024)
- [FineBadminton: A Multi-Level Dataset for Fine-Grained Badminton Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.07554/) (2025)
- [Multi-view Pose Fusion for Occlusion-Aware 3D Human Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.15810/) (2024)
- [On-field player workload exposure and knee injury risk monitoring via deep learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.08016/) (2018)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Multimodal resources for non-periodic court sports with laboratory-grade sensing remain scarce: few publicly pair instrumented ground reaction force (GRF) with high-frame-rate multi-view video, limiting markerless load estimation in realistic training settings. BadmintonGRF records eight synchronized RGB views at ~120 FPS, four Kistler force plates, and Vicon motion capture (C3D) without hardware genlock across modalities; alignment combines human-verified events, automated quality assurance, and per-camera time offsets with uncertainty metadata. Tier 1 distributes pose, time-aligned GRF, metadata, and splits under CC BY-NC 4.0, enabling the primary benchmark without raw RGB or C3D; we report a Tier 1 task that maps 2D pose to GRF. Tier 2 provides raw RGB and C3D under controlled access for studies that require appearance or full kinematics. The public release contains 17,425 impact-segment archives in the 10-subject benchmark tree (156 instrumented trials; raw multi-view RGB alone exceeds 1 TB); benchmark loader gates retain 12,867 view-specific instances and 1,732 unique impacts after multi-view deduplication. We are not aware of prior public badminton corpora that combine this sensing layout with audited video--GRF alignment for impact-centric GRF estimation. We distribute preprocessing code, leave-one-subject-out splits, ten reference baselines, and optional late fusion (one deterministic test-time pass per instance; no test-time augmentation), with a within-trial diagnostic in the supplementary material.