# MARD: A Multi-Agent Framework for Robust Android Malware Detection

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.25264 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.25264/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Agent threats, guardrails and governance, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 0 of its 49 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 28 Apr 2026.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [Agent threats, guardrails and governance](https://mlsanity.com/agents/agent-threats-guardrails-and-governance/)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Malaika: Understanding Malware through Tri-Grounded Agentic Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.09179/) (2026)
- [Moirae: A Multimodal Agent Collaborative Framework for Dynamic Android Malware Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.27994/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

With the rapid evolution of Android applications, traditional machine learning-based detection models suffer from concept drift. Additionally, they are constrained by shallow features, lacking deep semantic understanding and interpretability of decisions. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable semantic reasoning capabilities, directly processing massive raw code incurs prohibitive token overhead. Moreover, this approach fails to fully unleash the deep logical reasoning potential of LLMs within complex contexts. To address these limitations, we propose MARD, a multi-agent framework for robust Android malware detection. This framework effectively bridges the gap between the semantic understanding of LLMs and traditional static analysis. It treats underlying deterministic analysis engines as on-demand execution tools, while utilizing the LLM to orchestrate the entire decision-making process. By designing an autonomous multi-agent interaction mechanism based on the ReAct paradigm, MARD constructs a highly interpretable evidentiary chain for conviction. Furthermore, we radically reduce the total cost of conducting a deep analysis of a single complex APK to under 0.10. Evaluations demonstrate that, without any domain-specific fine-tuning, MARD achieves an F1 score of 93.46%. It not only outperforms continual learning baselines but also exhibits robustness against concept drift and strong cross-domain generalization capabilities in evaluations spanning up to five years.