# BhashaSutra: A Task-Centric Unified Survey of Indian NLP Datasets, Corpora, and Resources

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.18423 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.18423/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 78 of its 503 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 20 Apr 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 78)

- [MuRIL: Multilingual Representations for Indian Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.10730/) (2021)
- [IndicTrans2: Towards High-Quality and Accessible Machine Translation Models for all 22 Scheduled Indian Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.16307/) (2023)
- [Between words and characters: A Brief History of Open-Vocabulary Modeling and Tokenization in NLP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.10508/) (2021)
- [Recent Advances in Natural Language Inference: A Survey of Benchmarks, Resources, and Approaches](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.01172/) (2019)
- [FakeCovid -- A Multilingual Cross-domain Fact Check News Dataset for COVID-19](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11343/) (2020)
- [AI4Bharat-IndicNLP Corpus: Monolingual Corpora and Word Embeddings for Indic Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.00085/) (2020)
- [PMIndia -- A Collection of Parallel Corpora of Languages of India](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.09907/) (2020)
- [CultureVLM: Characterizing and Improving Cultural Understanding of Vision-Language Models for over 100 Countries](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.01282/) (2025)
- [L3Cube-HingCorpus and HingBERT: A Code Mixed Hindi-English Dataset and BERT Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.08398/) (2022)
- [A Survey of Multilingual Reasoning in Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.09457/) (2025)
- [L3CubeMahaSent: A Marathi Tweet-based Sentiment Analysis Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.11408/) (2021)
- [Towards an Atlas of Cultural Commonsense for Machine Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.05664/) (2020)
- [Sentiment Analysis of Code-Mixed Indian Languages: An Overview of SAIL_Code-Mixed Shared Task @ICON-2017](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.06745/) (2018)
- [DOSA: A Dataset of Social Artifacts from Different Indian Geographical Subcultures](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.14651/) (2024)
- [L3Cube-MahaHate: A Tweet-based Marathi Hate Speech Detection Dataset and BERT models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.13778/) (2022)
- [Hate and Offensive Speech Detection in Hindi and Marathi](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.12200/) (2021)
- [BHASA: A Holistic Southeast Asian Linguistic and Cultural Evaluation Suite for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.06085/) (2023)
- [SANSKRITI: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Language Models' Knowledge of Indian Culture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.15355/) (2025)
- [Kannada-MNIST: A new handwritten digits dataset for the Kannada language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.01242/) (2019)
- [MD3: The Multi-Dialect Dataset of Dialogues](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.11355/) (2023)
- [A Benchmark and Dataset for Post-OCR text correction in Sanskrit](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.07980/) (2022)
- [LAHAJA: A Robust Multi-accent Benchmark for Evaluating Hindi ASR Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.11440/) (2024)
- [Krutrim LLM: Multilingual Foundational Model for over a Billion People](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.09642/) (2025)
- [OOD-Speech: A Large Bengali Speech Recognition Dataset for Out-of-Distribution Benchmarking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.09688/) (2023)
- [CLINIC: Evaluating Multilingual Trustworthiness in Language Models for Healthcare](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.11437/) (2025)
- [CURE-Med: Curriculum-Informed Reinforcement Learning for Multilingual Medical Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.13262/) (2026)
- ['Since Lawyers are Males..': Examining Implicit Gender Bias in Hindi Language Generation by LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.13484/) (2024)
- [One to rule them all: Towards Joint Indic Language Hate Speech Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.13711/) (2021)
- [Vakyansh: ASR Toolkit for Low Resource Indic languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.16512/) (2022)
- [Rasa: Building Expressive Speech Synthesis Systems for Indian Languages in Low-resource Settings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.14056/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Towards the Roof of the World: NLP Progress in Tibetan Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.13398/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

India's linguistic landscape, spanning 22 scheduled languages and hundreds of marginalized dialects, has driven rapid growth in NLP datasets, benchmarks, and pretrained models. However, no dedicated survey consolidates resources developed specifically for Indian languages. Existing reviews either focus on a few high-resource languages or subsume Indian languages within broader multilingual settings, limiting coverage of low-resource and culturally diverse varieties. To address this gap, we present the first unified survey of Indian NLP resources, covering 200+ datasets, 50+ benchmarks, and 100+ models, tools, and systems across text, speech, multimodal, and culturally grounded tasks. We organize resources by linguistic phenomena, domains, and modalities; analyze trends in annotation, evaluation, and model design; and identify persistent challenges such as data sparsity, uneven language coverage, script diversity, and limited cultural and domain generalization. This survey offers a consolidated foundation for equitable, culturally grounded, and scalable NLP research in the Indian linguistic ecosystem.