# Phase-Scheduled Multi-Agent Systems for Token-Efficient Coordination

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.17400 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.17400/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 0 of its 1 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 19 Apr 2026.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks](https://mlsanity.com/agents/general-llm-agent-frameworks-and-benchmarks/)
- Efficient LLM inference and serving / [Efficient reasoning and agent inference](https://mlsanity.com/inference/efficient-reasoning-and-agent-inference/)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Semantic Early-Stopping for Iterative LLM Agent Loops](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.27009/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Multi-agent systems (MAS) powered by large language models suffer from severe token inefficiency arising from two compounding sources: (i) unstructured parallel execution, where all agents activate simultaneously irrespective of input readiness; and (ii) unrestricted context sharing, where every agent receives the full accumulated context regardless of relevance. Existing mitigation strategies - static pruning, hierarchical decomposition, and learned routing - treat coordination as a structural allocation problem and fundamentally ignore its temporal dimension. We propose Phase-Scheduled Multi-Agent Systems (PSMAS), a framework that reconceptualizes agent activation as continuous control over a shared attention space modeled on a circular manifold. Each agent i is assigned a fixed angular phase theta_i in the range [0, 2*pi], derived from the task dependency topology; a global sweep signal phi(t) rotates at velocity omega, activating only agents within an angular window epsilon. Idle agents receive compressed context summaries, reducing per-step token consumption. We implement PSMAS on LangGraph, evaluate on four structured benchmarks (HotPotQA-MAS, HumanEval-MAS, ALFWorld-Multi, WebArena-Coord) and two unstructured conversational settings, and prove stability, convergence, and optimality results for the sweep dynamics. PSMAS achieves a mean token reduction of 27.3 percent (range 21.4-34.8 percent) while maintaining task performance within 2.1 percentage points of a fully activated baseline (p < 0.01, n = 500 per configuration), and outperforms the strongest learned routing baseline by 5.6 percentage points in token reduction with 2.0 percentage points less performance drop. Crucially, we show that scheduling and compression are independent sources of gain: scheduling alone accounts for 18-20 percentage points of reduction, robust to compression degradation up to alpha = 0.40.