# When Misinformation Speaks and Converses: Rethinking Fact-Checking in Audio Platforms

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.16767 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.16767/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 80 of its 126 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 18 Apr 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 80)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.11692/) (2019)
- [wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11477/) (2020)
- [HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked Prediction of Hidden Units](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.07447/) (2021)
- [Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.11511/) (2023)
- [FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.05355/) (2018)
- [Personalizing Dialogue Agents: I have a dog, do you have pets too?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.07243/) (2018)
- [MultiWOZ -- A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz Dataset for Task-Oriented Dialogue Modelling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.00278/) (2018)
- [DailyDialog: A Manually Labelled Multi-turn Dialogue Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.03957/) (2017)
- [MELD: A Multimodal Multi-Party Dataset for Emotion Recognition in Conversations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.02508/) (2018)
- [SAMSum Corpus: A Human-annotated Dialogue Dataset for Abstractive Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.12237/) (2019)
- [Wizard of Wikipedia: Knowledge-Powered Conversational agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.01241/) (2018)
- [VoxPopuli: A Large-Scale Multilingual Speech Corpus for Representation Learning, Semi-Supervised Learning and Interpretation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.00390/) (2021)
- [WhisperX: Time-Accurate Speech Transcription of Long-Form Audio](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.00747/) (2023)
- [MiniCheck: Efficient Fact-Checking of LLMs on Grounding Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.10774/) (2024)
- [HoVer: A Dataset for Many-Hop Fact Extraction And Claim Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.03088/) (2020)
- [The Ubuntu Dialogue Corpus: A Large Dataset for Research in Unstructured Multi-Turn Dialogue Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.08909/) (2015)
- [MedDialog: Two Large-scale Medical Dialogue Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.03329/) (2020)
- [Generating Fact Checking Explanations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.05773/) (2020)
- [Can You Put it All Together: Evaluating Conversational Agents' Ability to Blend Skills](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.08449/) (2020)
- [A Review of Speaker Diarization: Recent Advances with Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.09624/) (2021)
- [Audio-Visual Scene-Aware Dialog](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.09107/) (2019)
- [End-to-End Multimodal Fact-Checking and Explanation Generation: A Challenging Dataset and Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.12487/) (2022)
- [A Dataset for Document Grounded Conversations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.07358/) (2018)
- [MediaSum: A Large-scale Media Interview Dataset for Dialogue Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.06410/) (2021)
- [The People's Speech: A Large-Scale Diverse English Speech Recognition Dataset for Commercial Usage](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.09344/) (2021)
- [Topical-Chat: Towards Knowledge-Grounded Open-Domain Conversations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.11995/) (2023)
- [Libriheavy: a 50,000 hours ASR corpus with punctuation casing and context](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.08105/) (2023)
- [End-to-end speaker segmentation for overlap-aware resegmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.04045/) (2021)
- [SPGISpeech: 5,000 hours of transcribed financial audio for fully formatted end-to-end speech recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.02014/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [TRILOGUE: A Trilingual Spoken Dialogue Fact-Checking Benchmark with Evidence and Paired Audio](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.04452/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Audio platforms have evolved beyond entertainment. They have become central to public discourse, from podcasts and radio to WhatsApp voice notes and live streams. With millions of shows and hundreds of millions of listeners, audio platforms are now a major channel for misinformation. Yet existing fact-checking pipelines are mostly designed for written claims, overlooking the unique properties of spoken media. We argue that audio misinformation is not merely textual content with transcripts: it is structurally different because it is both spoken - carrying persuasive force through prosody, pacing, and emotion - and conversational - unfolding across turns, speakers, and episodes. These dual properties introduce verification difficulties that traditional methods rarely face. This position paper synthesizes evidence across modalities and platforms, examines datasets and methods, and highlights why existing pipelines fail on audio. We argue that advancing fact-checking requires rethinking verification pipelines around the spoken and conversational realities of audio.