# Public and private blockchain for decentralized digital building twins and building automation system

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.16534 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.16534/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 8 of its 72 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Apr 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [Hyperledger Fabric: A Distributed Operating System for Permissioned Blockchains](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.10228/) (2018)
- [Blockchain Technology Overview](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.11078/) (2019)
- [Characterizing Erasable Accounts in Ethereum](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.00607/) (2020)
- [Taxonomy of Centralization in Public Blockchain Systems: A Systematic Literature Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.12542/) (2020)
- [Autonomous Building Cyber-Physical Systems Using Decentralized Autonomous Organizations, Digital Twins, and Large Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.19262/) (2024)
- [Do you need a blockchain in construction? Use case categories and decision framework for DLT design options](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.04626/) (2020)
- [Service Discovery for Hyperledger Fabric](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.02105/) (2018)
- [A critical review of cyber-physical security for building automation systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.11726/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The communication protocols and data transfer mechanisms employed by IoT devices in smart buildings and corresponding digital twin systems predominantly rely on centralized architectures. Such centralized systems are vulnerable to single points of failure, where a malfunction can disrupt operational processes. This study introduces a blockchain-based decentralized protocol to enhance the cyber resilience of IoT data transfer for digital twins and enable decentralized automation of building operations. The framework incorporates public and private blockchain technologies alongside two case studies showcasing prototypes of each system. These prototypes were validated within a real-world building environment using smart home appliances and two digital twin platforms, with their performance evaluated based on cost, scalability, data security, and privacy. The findings reveal that the Hyperledger Fabric-based system excels in terms of scalability, speed, and cost-effectiveness, while both frameworks offer advantages over traditional centralized protocols in system cyber resilience, data security, and privacy.