# Active Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface with Hybrid Transmitting and Reflecting Mode

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.13570 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.13570/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 15 Apr 2026.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Active Beyond-Diagonal RIS Empowered Heterogeneous Edge Computing: A Distributional Reinforcement Learning Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.13160/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs), originally in the passive form, have attracted attention due to their benefits in enhanced wave manipulating through flexible inter-element connections and element arrangements. To mitigate the severe multiplicative fading, the concept of active BD-RISs with signal amplification capability has recently been proposed. Inspired by this, we investigate the hybrid transmitting and reflecting mode of active BD-RISs to achieve full-space coverage. We start by deriving a physics compliant communication model applying active BD-RIS with hybrid mode. We further propose novel architectures including reciprocal and non-reciprocal implementations with cell-wise single, group, and fully connections. We also develop a unified optimization framework for the joint transmit precoding and hybrid mode active BD-RIS design to maximize the sum rate of multi-user communication systems, which is applicable to all considered architectures. Numerical results demonstrate that, under the same total power budget, the proposed active BD-RIS with hybrid mode substantially outperforms active and passive simultaneous transmitting and reflecting RISs as well as passive BD-RISs with hybrid mode. This shows the synergy gain from inter-element connection, element arrangements, and active amplification.