# FreeScale: Scaling 3D Scenes via Certainty-Aware Free-View Generation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.10512 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.10512/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 46 of its 53 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 12 Apr 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 46)

- [3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.04079/) (2023)
- [Stable Video Diffusion: Scaling Latent Video Diffusion Models to Large Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.15127/) (2023)
- [Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fields](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.12077/) (2021)
- [DUSt3R: Geometric 3D Vision Made Easy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.14132/) (2023)
- [VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.11651/) (2025)
- [Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Free](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.02791/) (2021)
- [IBRNet: Learning Multi-View Image-Based Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.13090/) (2021)
- [Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.00109/) (2023)
- [pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.12337/) (2023)
- [Hypersim: A Photorealistic Synthetic Dataset for Holistic Indoor Scene Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.02523/) (2020)
- [MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.14627/) (2024)
- [DL3DV-10K: A Large-Scale Scene Dataset for Deep Learning-based 3D Vision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.16256/) (2023)
- [TartanAir: A Dataset to Push the Limits of Visual SLAM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.14338/) (2020)
- [GS-LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for 3D Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.19702/) (2024)
- [ReconFusion: 3D Reconstruction with Diffusion Priors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.02981/) (2023)
- [Dense Depth Priors for Neural Radiance Fields from Sparse Input Views](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.03288/) (2021)
- [DepthSplat: Connecting Gaussian Splatting and Depth](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.13862/) (2024)
- [DNGaussian: Optimizing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Radiance Fields with Global-Local Depth Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.06912/) (2024)
- [No Pose, No Problem: Surprisingly Simple 3D Gaussian Splats from Sparse Unposed Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.24207/) (2024)
- [AnySplat: Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Views](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.23716/) (2025)
- [VastGaussian: Vast 3D Gaussians for Large Scene Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.17427/) (2024)
- [LVSM: A Large View Synthesis Model with Minimal 3D Inductive Bias](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.17242/) (2024)
- [BEHAVIOR: Benchmark for Everyday Household Activities in Virtual, Interactive, and Ecological Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.03332/) (2021)
- [Difix3D+: Improving 3D Reconstructions with Single-Step Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.01774/) (2025)
- [WildGaussians: 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.08447/) (2024)
- [Compact 3D Scene Representation via Self-Organizing Gaussian Grids](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.13299/) (2023)
- [Infinigen Indoors: Photorealistic Indoor Scenes using Procedural Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.11824/) (2024)
- [MVSplat360: Feed-Forward 360 Scene Synthesis from Sparse Views](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.04924/) (2024)
- [Long-LRM: Long-sequence Large Reconstruction Model for Wide-coverage Gaussian Splats](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.12781/) (2024)
- [Pixel-GS: Density Control with Pixel-aware Gradient for 3D Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.15530/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [ClearGS: Reliability-Aware Gaussian Splatting from Handheld Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.31509/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The development of generalizable Novel View Synthesis (NVS) models is critically limited by the scarcity of large-scale training data featuring diverse and precise camera trajectories. While real-world captures are photorealistic, they are typically sparse and discrete. Conversely, synthetic data scales but suffers from a domain gap and often lacks realistic semantics. We introduce FreeScale, a novel framework that leverages the power of scene reconstruction to transform limited real-world image sequences into a scalable source of high-quality training data. Our key insight is that an imperfect reconstructed scene serves as a rich geometric proxy, but naively sampling from it amplifies artifacts. To this end, we propose a certainty-aware free-view sampling strategy identifying novel viewpoints that are both semantically meaningful and minimally affected by reconstruction errors. We demonstrate FreeScale's effectiveness by scaling up the training of feedforward NVS models, achieving a notable gain of 2.7 dB in PSNR on challenging out-of-distribution benchmarks. Furthermore, we show that the generated data can actively enhance per-scene 3D Gaussian Splatting optimization, leading to consistent improvements across multiple datasets. Our work provides a practical and powerful data generation engine to overcome a fundamental bottleneck in 3D vision. Project page: https://mvp-ai-lab.github.io/FreeScale.