# Lexical Indicators of Mind Perception in Human-AI Companionship

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.04105 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.04105/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 8 of its 57 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 5 Apr 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.06180/) (2023)
- [Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.13923/) (2025)
- [The Pushshift Reddit Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.08435/) (2020)
- ["My Boyfriend is AI": A Computational Analysis of Human-AI Companionship in Reddit's AI Community](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.11391/) (2025)
- [Chatbots as social companions: How people perceive consciousness, human likeness, and social health benefits in machines](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.10599/) (2023)
- [How AI Companionship Develops: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.10079/) (2025)
- ["Please, don't kill the only model that still feels human": Understanding the #Keep4o Backlash](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.00773/) (2026)
- [Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement of Machine Companionship: A Scoping Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.18119/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Mind perception (MP) is a psychological phenomenon in which humans automatically infer that another entity has a mind and/or mental capacities, usually understood in two dimensions (perceived agency and experience capacities). Despite MP's centrality to many social processes, understanding how MP may function in humans' machine companionship relations is limited. This is in part due to reliance on self reports and the gap between automatic MP processes and more purposeful and norm governed expressions of MP. We here leverage MP signaling language to explore the relationship between MP and AI companionship in humans' natural language. We systematically collected discussions about companionship from AI dedicated Reddit forums and examined the cooccurrence of words (a) known to signal agentic and experiential MP and those induced from the data and (b) discussion topics related to AI companionship. Using inductive and deductive approaches, we identify a small set of linguistic indicators as reasonable markers of MP in human/AI chat, and some are linked to critical discussions of companion authenticity and philosophical and ethical imaginaries.