# Safe Decentralized Operation of EV Virtual Power Plant with Limited Network Visibility via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.03278 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.03278/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 18 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2026.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Responsive Safety in Reinforcement Learning by PID Lagrangian Methods](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.03964/) (2020)
- [MARL for Decentralized Electric Vehicle Charging Coordination with V2V Energy Exchange](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.14111/) (2023)
- [Network-Aware Electric Vehicle Coordination for Vehicle-to-Anything Value Stacking Considering Uncertainties](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.02392/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Incentive-Aligned Vehicle-to-Vehicle Energy Trading via Nash-Integrated Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.22363/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

As power systems advance toward net-zero targets, behind-the-meter renewables are driving rapid growth in distributed energy resources (DERs). Virtual power plants (VPPs) increasingly coordinate these resources to support power distribution network (PDN) operation, with EV charging stations (EVCSs) emerging as a key asset due to their strong impact on local voltages. However, in practice, VPPs must make operational decisions with only partial visibility of PDN states, relying on limited, aggregated information shared by the distribution system operator. This work proposes a safety-enhanced VPP framework for coordinating multiple EVCSs under such realistic information constraints to ensure voltage security while maintaining economic operation. We develop Transformer-assisted Lagrangian Multi-Agent Proximal Policy Optimization (TL-MAPPO), in which EVCS agents learn decentralized charging policies via centralized training with Lagrangian regularization to enforce voltage and demand-satisfaction constraints. A transformer-based embedding layer deployed on each EVCS agent captures temporal correlations among prices, loads, and charging demand to improve decision quality. Experiments on a realistic 33-bus PDN show that the proposed framework reduces voltage violations by approximately 45% and operational costs by approximately 10% compared to representative multi-agent DRL baselines, highlighting its potential for practical VPP deployment.